R. Sharma* and K. Mehta

School of Pharmacy, Devi Ahilya University, Takshshila Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore-452 001, India

*Corresponding Author:
R. Sharma
School of Pharmacy, Devi Ahilya University, Takshshila Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore-452 001, India
E-mail: rbsm73@yahoo.co.in
Date of Submission 19 August 2009
Date of Revision 26 March 2010
Date of Acceptance 19 august 2010
Indian J. Pharm. Sci., 2010, 72 (4): 527-530  

DOI: 10.4103/0250-474X.73926

Abstract

Three UV spectrophotometric methods have been developed, simultaneous equation method, multicomponent analysis (II) and derivative spectroscopy method (III). The absorption maxima of the drugs were found to be 247, 259 and 272 nm, respectively for efavirenz, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and lamivudine in methanol:water (50:50) solvent system. Efavirenz, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and lamivudine obeyed Beer's law in the concentration range of 10-60, 5-30 and 5-30 μg/ml, respectively. Results of analysis for all the three methods were analyzed and validated for various parameters according to ICH guidelines.

Keywords

Derivative spectroscopy, efavirenz, lamivudine., multicomponent analysis, simultaneous equation method, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate

Efavirenz (EFV), (4S)-6-chloro-4-(cyclopropylethynyl) -4-(trifluromethyl)-1-4-dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin- 2-one, is an antiretroviral drug which is a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) [1,2]. EFV has been determined by UV spectroscopic [3] and RP-HPLC [4] methods in single and in combined dosage form. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), 9-((R)-2-((bis(((isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy)methoxy) phosphinyl)methoxy)propyl)adenine fumarate (1:1), is a nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (nRTIs) [1,2]. TDF has been determined in spiked human plasma by HPLC [5,6]. The estimation of TDF by RP-HPLC has been reported [4,7]. Lamivudine (LMI), (2R,cis)-4-amino-1-(2-(hydroxylmethyl-1,3- oxathiolan-5-yl)-(1H) pyrimidin-2-one, is nucleosidereverse transciptase inhibitor (NRTI) [1,2]. It is an analogue of cytidine. The estimation of lamivudine using UV [3,8-10] spectroscopy and HPLC has been reported [7,11].

Although the combination of EFV, TDF and LMI is not available commercially in the market, it is in phase 3 clinical trial and the safety and efficacy of TDF in combination with LMI and FFV has already been reported [12,13]. This study revealed that once daily regimen containing EFV, TDF and LMI is virologically and immunologically effective, well tolerated and safe with benefits in the lipid profile in the majority of patients. Hence the objective of the work is to develop new spectophotometric methods for estimating EFV, TDF and LMI in pharmaceutical formulation with good accuracy, simplicity, precision and economy.

UV double beam spectrophotometer (Shimadzu Model 1700) was employed with a spectral bandwidth of 1 nm and a wavelength accuracy of 0.3 nm (with automatic wavelength correction with a pair of 1 cm matched quartz cells). Pure samples of EFV, TDF and LMI and tablets (Label claim: EFV 600 mg, TDF 300 mg, LMI 300 mg) were obtained as gift samples from Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd, Paonta Sahib, District- Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh, India. All the chemical and reagents used were of HPLC grade and purchased from spectrochem, Mumbai, India.

EFV, TDF and LMI (100 mg each) were separately weighed and transferred to a 100 ml volumetric flask and all the three drugs were dissolved in a mixture of methanol:water (50:50) to get a solution of 100 μg/ ml. Working standard solutions of 20 μg/ml of each of the drugs were prepared and scanned in the range 400-200 nm to obtain the absorbance spectra and overlain spectra (fig. 1).

Figure

Fig. 1: Overlain spectra of EFV, TDF and LMI
Individual absorbance spectrum of EFV, TDF and LMI at 20 μg/ml concentration and overlain spectra

In the method I, three wavelengths 247, 259 and 272 nm were selected which are the λmax of three drugs for the development of the simultaneous equations. The absorbances of EFV, TDF and LMI were measured and the absorptivity values E (1%, 1cm) were determined at all the three selected wavelengths. The concentrations of three drugs in mixture can be calculated using the following Eqns, CEFV= (A1(ay2az3-az2ay3)-ay1(A2az3-az2A3)+az1(A2ay3- a y 2 A 3 ) / a x 1 ( a y 2 a z 3 - a z 2 a y 3 ) - a y 1 ( a x 2 a z 3 - az2ax3)+az1(ax2ay3-ay2ax3)...(1), CTDF= (ax1(A2az3- az2A3)-A1(ax2az3-az2ax3)+az1(ax2A3-A2ax3)/ ax1(ay2az3-az2ay3)-ay1(ax2az3-az2ax3)+az1(ax2ay3- ay2ax3)…(2), and CLMI= (ax1(ay2A3-A2ay3)- ay1(ax2A3-A2ax3)+A1(ax2ay3-ay2ax3)/ax1(ay2az3- az2ay3)-ay1(ax2az3-az2ax3)+az1(ax2ay3-ay2ax3)... (3), where, CEFV, CTDF and CLMI are the concentrations of EFV, TDF and LMI, respectively in mixture and in sample solutions, A1, A2 and A3 are the absorbances of sample at 247, 259 and 272 nm, respectively, ax1, ax2 and ax3 are the absorptivity of EFV at 247, 259 and 272, respectively, ay1, ay2 and ay3 are the absorptivity of TDF at 247, 259 and 272 nm, respectively, az1, az2 and az3 are the absorptivity of LMI at 247, 259 and 272 nm, respectively.

In the method II, five mixed standards of EFV, TDF and LMI in the concentrations ratio of 10:5:5, 20:10:10, 30:15:15, 40:20:20 and 50:25:25 (μg/ml) were prepared by appropriate dilution of the standard stock solutions and scanned in the region of 400 to 220 nm in the multi-component mode using the four sampling wavelengths 247, 259, 260 and 272 nm, respectively. Recording of the absorbance of the mixed standard solutions processed by the instrument by means of matrix equations and then corrected to determine the concentrations of all the drugs in the tablet sample solutions (Table 1). The multicomponent overlain spectrum of EFV, TDF and LMI is shown in (fig. 2).

Parameters Method-I Method-II Method-III  
EFV TDF LMI EFV TDF LMI EFV TDF LMI
Label claim 600 300 300 600 300 300 600 300 300
Drug content 100.05 100.15 100.07 100.10 100.08 100.13 100.01 100.02 100.13
SD 0.1695 0.4040 0.2821 0.1663 0.1833 0.1738 0.0248 0.0687 0.2557
%COV 0.1694 0.4033 0.2819 0.1661 0.1831 0.1735 0.0247 0.0686 0.2553
SE 0.0692 0.1649 0.1151 0.0678 0.0747 0.0708 0.0100 0.0280 0.1042

Table 1: Result of analysis of tablet formulation

Figure

Fig. 2: Overlain spectra of mixed standard of EFV, TDF and LMI
Multi-component overlain spectra of fi ve mixed standards in the concentration ratio of 10:5:5, 20:10:10, 30:15:15, 40:20:20 and 50:25:25 (μg/ml) of EFV, TDF and LMI, respectively.

In the third method, standard stock solutions of EFV, TDF and LMI were scanned from 200 to 400 nm. The spectra obtained were derivatised in first order and then overlain spectra recorded (fig. 3). From the entire derivative spectra obtained, the wavelengths selected in a manner such that EFV had Zero crossing point at 291.4 and 271.4 nm and TDF and LMI showed a measurable dA/dλ, TDF had the Zero crossing point at 291.4 and 305.6 and EFV and LMI showed a measurable dA/dλ. Whereas the Zero crossing point of LMI at 271.4 and 305.6 nm, EFV and TDF showed an appreciable dA/dλ. Hence, wavelengths 305.6, 291.4 and 271.4 nm were selected as analytical wavelengths for determination of EFV, TDF and LMI, respectively. Calibration curves were plotted between amplitudes observed at 1st order (n=1), for three drugs at all the three wavelengths against the concentration, in the range of 10-60, 5-30 and 5-30 μg/ml for EFV, TDF and LMI, respectively. Estimation of these drugs was done by solving the regression equations, i.e. for EFV y= 0.0006x+0.0003, for TDF y= 0.0014x+(-0.0005), For LMI, y=0.0002x+(-0.0013).

Figure

Fig. 3: First order derivative overlain spectra of EFV, TDF and LMI
Zero crossing points of LMI (305.6 nm), TDF (271.4nm) and LMI (291.4 nm)

For analysis of tablets, 20 tablets were weighed individually and their average weight was determined. The tablets were then crushed to fine powder and powder equivalent to the weight of one tablet was transferred to 100 ml volumetric flask and dissolved in 50 ml of mixture of methanol:water (50:50) for 10 min with vigorous shaking. Finally, the volume was made up to the mark with solvent system. The solution was then filtered through Watmann filter paper (# 41). Then volume was made up to the mark with solvent system. The concentration of each analyte was determined using the Eqns. generated in method I and method III. In method II, analysis of the resulting solution was carried out using the multicomponent mode of the instrument (Table 1).

To check the accuracy of the developed methods and to study the interference of formulation additives, analytical recovery experiments were carried out by the standard addition method. The means of % recovery (% COV) were found to be < 1.0 for three methods (Table 2).

Method Amount taken (mg/ml) Amount added % % recovery %COV
EFV TDF LMI EFV TDF LMI EFV TDF LMI
I 30 15 15 80 100.13 100.30 100.08 0.0665 0.1886 0.4196
  30 15 15 100 100.17 100.39 100.17 0.2354 0.8809 0.8809
  30 15 15 120 98.96 100.22 100.09 0.0254 0.3599 0.2813
II 30 15 15 80 100.10 100.05 100.12 0.1733 0.0584 0.1624
  30 15 15 100 100.06 100.07 100.15 0.1222 0.2157 0.2169
  30 15 15 120 99.99 100.09 100.17 0.1123 0.1049 0.2889
III 30 15 15 80 100.16 100.05 100.19 0.1579 0.0641 0.2696
  30 15 15 100 100.06 100.20 100.23 0.0320 0.2565 0.3326
  30 15 15 120 98.97 100.11 100.01 0.0152 0.1663 0.1946

Table 2: Result of recovery study of efv, tdf and lmi

To check the degree of repeatability of the methods, suitable statistical evaluation was carried out. Five samples of the tablet formulations were analyzed for the repeatability study. The standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variance (COV), and standard error (SE) were calculated (Table 1).

The concentrations of three drugs were measured three times on the same day at intervals of 1 h and on three different days for intra and interday study, respectively. The limits of detection and quantitation, LOD and LOQ, were calculated by use of the equations LOD = 3.3σ/S and LOQ = 10σ/S, where σ is the standard deviation of the blank and S is the slope of the calibration curve (Table 3).

Method Drug Intraday precision % COV (n = 3) Interday precision % COV LOD (μg/ml) LOQ (μg/ml)
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3
Method I EFV 0.49 0.1609 0.4618 0.8964 0.040 0.217
  TDF 0.5071 0.2929 0.5095 0.8475 0.894 0.127
  LMI 0.856 0.7484 0.2525 0.5170 0.154 1.144
Method II EFV 0.4618 0.2245 0.2160 0.6333 0.072 0.618
  TDF 0.2283 0.1098 0.3495 0.7449 0.861 0.148
  LMI 0.5346 0.0936 0.2231 0.3550 0.158 0.144
Method III EFV 0.6347 0.2610 0.6496 0.5847 0.031 0.095
  TDF 0.1676 0.2778 0.3111 0.8142 0.202 0.613
  LMI 0.5388 0.1601 0.2231 0.3366 0.099 0.302

Table 3: Intraday, interday, lod and loq data for efv, tdf, and lmi

The linear regression equations obtained were: absorbance at 247 nm=0.0472x+0.0631 (For EFV, r2=0.9993), at 259 nm=0.0199x+0.068 (For TDF, r2=0.9997), at 272 nm=0.0398x+0.0275 (r2=0.9998) for simultaneous equation method and at 305.6 nm=0.0006x+0.0003 (For EFV, r2=0.9992), at 271.4 nm=0.0014 x+(-0.0005) (For TDF, r2=0.9995), at 291.4 nm=0.002x+(-0.0013) (r2=0.9992) for derivative spectroscopy method, respectively.

The assay value of EFV, TDF and LMI for method-I was found to be 100.05, 100.15, 100.07, respectively, with a standard deviation of < 1.0; the assay value for, method-II was found to be 100.10, 100.08 and 100.13, respectively, with standard deviation of < 1.0 the assay value for method-III was found to be 100.01, 100.02 and 100.13, respectively, with a standard deviation of < 1.0 (Table 1).

Assay values of formulation were the same as mentioned in the label claim, indicating that the inference of the excipient matrix is insignificant in estimation of EFV, TDF and LMI by three proposed methods. The proposed methods were found to be accurate, precise, reproducible and stable, and can be successfully applied for the routine analysis of all the three drugs in combined tablet dosage forms.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, Paonta Sahib, District-Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh, India for providing gift samples of EFV, TDF and LMI.

References