Derivative spectrophotometric and multiwavelength spectrophotometric methods have been developed for simultaneous determination of terbutaline sulphate, bromhexine hydrochloride and guaiphenesin in three-component tablet dosage forms. Methanolic hydrochloric acid (0.1 N) was used as the solvent. Terbutaline sulphate shows absorbance maximum at 279 nm, bromhexine hydrochloride shows two absorbance maxima, one at 318 nm and the other at 248 nm and guaiphenesin shows absorbance maximum at 274 nm. All the three drugs obey Beer's law in the concentration ranges employed for the methods. The methods have been validated statistically and by recovery studies.

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Solid dispersions of curcumin was studied to increase its aqueous solubility. Different carrier such as HPMC, HEC, PVP, high molecular weight PEG such as 1500, 4000, 20000, poloxamers such as Cremophor and Lutrol-127 were used in the preparation. Both fusion and solvent methods were adopted for the preparation of solid dispersions. Curcumin was successfully solubilised using Cremophor and PEG 20000 to get a concentration of 18 mg/ml. Increase in rate of dissolution compared to the pure drug was observed. Release pattern may be by first order kinetics.

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Clotrimazole is an effective antifungal agent, mainly marketed as topical preparations. Its high water insolubility may limit its permeation into the skin. Hence, in vitro release studies of Clotrimazole from five different marketed cream formulations were carried out through the membrane and without the membrane according to a specially designed protocol. The receptor media used for the permeation studies through the membrane were distilled water, 40% PEG 400 in distilled water, 30% IPA in acetate buffer and IPM, whereas in the membraneless technique IPM was used because of its bipolar properties mimicking the skin. A specially fabricated diffusion cell was used for studies through the membrane and a modified dissolution apparatus was used for the membraneless technique. From the results obtained, it was observed that in the permeability studies through the membrane, the drug release was maximum in IPM compared to the other media in case of all the formulations and the percentage drug release obtained through the membrane was significantly greater than that obtained without the membrane in all the cases (P<0.001).

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A simple spectrophotometric method for the determination of promethazine hydrochloride is described. The method is based on the oxidation of promethazine hydrochloride with acidic potassium permanganate to liberate formaldehyde which reacts in situ with acetylacetone in presence of ammonium acetate to give a colored product exhibiting maximum absorbance at 412 nm. The Lambert-Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range of 10-80 mg of promethazine hydrochloride per ml of reaction mixture. The results obtained are comparable with those obtained by official methods.

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Nanoparticles, one of the colloidal drug delivery systems, hold great promise for reaching the goal of controlled drug delivery as well as site specific delivery. This review presents various methods of preparation, characterization, stability, drug release and applications of nanoparticles. If appropriately investigated, nanoparticles may open new avenues in research and therapy.

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Present communication deals with simultaneous analysis of three component formulation containing phenyl propanolamine HCl [PPA], bromhexine HCl [BH] and chlorpheniramine maleate [CPM], by multicomponent analysis method. PPA, BH and CPM showed linearity with absorbances in the range of 0-1000 mg/ml, 0-80 mg/ml and 0-60 mg/ml at the corresponding sampling wavelengths 257 nm, 305 nm and 272 nm respectively. The results obtained in analysis of syrup samples have been statistically validated and were found satisfactory. The method is simple, accurate and rapid.

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Two simple and sensitive spectrophotometric methods (A and B) in the visible region have been developed for the determination of nimesulide in bulk and in dosage forms. Method A is based on the reaction of reduced nimesulide with nitrous acid followed by its coupling with phloroglucinol to yield an yellow colored azo dye with an absorption maximum of 400 nm and method B is based on the reaction of reduced nimesulide with p-dimethylamino benzaldehyde (PDAB) to form an yellow colored chromogen wiht an absorption maximum of 415 nm. The color obeyed Beer's law in the concentration range of 4-20 mg/ml in method A and 4-24 mg/mI in method B. When pharmaceutical preparations (Tablets and suspension) were analysed, the results obtained by the proposed methods are in good agreement with the labelled amounts and are comparable with the results obtained by a reported method. Recovery in both the methods is 98-101%.

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Two accurate and sensitive methods are described for the determination of secnidazole in bulk drug and tablet formulations. The methods are based on the reduction of secnidazole with zinc dust and sodium hydroxide. In method I, fluorescence of the reduced product was measured. The excitation and emission wavelengths were observed at 360 nm and 425 nm respectively. A linear relationship between relative fluorescence intensity and concentration was obtained for 1 to 10 mcg of secnidazole per ml. The reduced product was diazotized and coupled with Bratton and Marshal's reagent in method II to get a chromogen showing maximum absorbance at 502 nm.

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Two simple and convenient simultaneous spectrophotometric methods for determination of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel in a combination dosage form were developed. These are based on native maxima of ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel at 281 and 244 nm respectively when chloroform was used as a solvent. Both the drugs obey Beer's law in the concentration range employed for these methods. The results of analysis have been validated statistically and by recovery studies.

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The present study involves the study of the effect of solvents on the crystallization of paracetamol. The crystals were characterized by FT-IR, DSC and powder XRD patterns. The results indicate that the crystals obtained from different solvents exhibited different physicochemical properties. The crystals of desired physicochemical properties may be obtained by selecting solvents of different solubility parameter and dielectric constants.

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Four new seco-sterols, named phyllanthosterol, phyllanthosecosteryl ester, phyllanthostigmasterol and fraternusterol, have been isolated from the alcoholic extract of the roots of Phyllanthus fraternus. The structure of these sterols have been elucidated as 13, 14-seco-stigmaster-5, 20(22)-diene-3a-ol, 9,10-seco- stigmater-5, 9-diene-3b-yl-7, 16’-dihydroxytetra-cosanoate, 13,14-seco-stigmaster-5, 20(22)-diene- 3b-ol and 24-b methyl-5 (10), 13(14)-diseco-cholest-6, 9(11)-diene-22-one-3 b-ol, respectively, on the basis of the spectral data analysis and chemical reactions.

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Ketoprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, is chemically a propionic acid derivative having poor aqueous solubility. This study describes method of inclusion complexation of ketoprofen with b-cyclodextrin (b-CD) and hydroxypropyl b-cyclodextrin (HP-b-CD). The solid complexes were prepared by various methodologies such as physical mixture, co-precipitation, kneading and freeze drying. The drug and cyclodextrins were used in molar ratio of 1:1. These complexes were characterized by U.V., FT-IR, 1H-NMR Spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, and X-ray diffractometry. Freeze drying method was found to be the method of choice for successful inclusion complexation of Ketoprofen with b-CD and HP-b -CD.

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As part of an ongoing programme on the development of sustained release formulation of nifedipine (20 mg tablet) and determination of bioequivalence, a specific, sensitive and simple HPLC method with UV detection for estimation of nanogram levels of nifedipine in plasma has been developed. Nitrendipine is used as an internal standard. With a simple one-step extraction of nifedipine from plasma, the method has a linearity range of 6 to 200 ng/ml and an average recovery of 77.48%. Nifedipine plasma concentration versus time profile is presented for the sustained release formulation under development (formulation T) and compared with the standard formulation (formulation S).

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Twelve new 1-[2,6,8-trisubstituted-4(3H)-oxoquinazolin-3-yl]-3-(4-substituted phenyl) thiobarbiturates (17-28) were synthesized by reacting 2, 6,8-trisubstituted-3-[N3-(4-substituted phenyl) thioureido]-4(3H)-quinazolones (5-1 6) with malonic acid in presence of acetyl chloride. These thioureidoquinazolone intermediates were obtained, on the other hand, by the condensation of 3-amino-2,6,8-trisubstituted-4(3H)- quinazolones (1-4) with different 4-substituted phenyl isothiocyanates. All these compounds were characterized by analytical and spectral data. Compounds 27, 24 and 20 were found to possess good sedative properties while compounds 18, 26 and 28 exhibited significant anticonvulsant activity.

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2,6,8-Trisubstituted-3-thiosemicarbazido-4(3H)-quinazolones(3)and (4), synthesized by the condensation of 3-amino-2,6,8-trisubstituted-4 (3H)-quinazolones (1 and 2) with carbon disulphide and hydrazine hydrate in presence of liquid ammonia, were reacted with arylaldehydes such as 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, 2-furaldehyde and 2-naphthaldehyde to afford corresponding thiosemicarbazones (5-10). All these compounds were characterized by their analytical and spectral data. Some of them were found to possess moderate antibacterial and antifungal properties on evaluation.

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Comparative studies on possible in vitro suppressive actions of three antioxidants, ascorbic acid (AA), cysteine hydrochloride (CH) and hydroquinone (HQ) on ceftriaxone sodium (CTS)-induced lipid peroxidation were performed using goat whole blood as the lipid source to explore possible potential of the antioxidants to reduce the drug-induced toxicities. AA was found to significantly suppress CTS -induced lipid peroxidation while CH and HQ failed to do so. Lipid peroxidation being a toxicity mediating process, AA might have potential to reduce the toxic effects of CTS on co-administration in vivo.

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