A Validated Stability-indicating RP-HPLC Method for Analysis of Azelaic Acid in Pharmaceuticals

*Corresponding Author:

G. Kaur
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala-147 002, India
E-mail: kaurgpt@gmail.com

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Abstract

The study is designed to develop a simple, rapid, selective and robust stability indicating reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography method for quantitative analysis of azelaic acid in pharmaceutical preparations. The chromatographic separation and estimation of azelaic acid was carried out using a Waters high performance liquid chromatography system employing Kromasil 100-5C18 column (250×4.6 mm; 5 µm particle size) as a stationary phase. The mobile phase comprised of 75 volumes of sodium di-hydrogen orthophosphate (pH 3.5; 50 mM) and 25 volumes of acetonitrile, eluted at a flow rate of 1.2 ml/min. The eluents were monitored at 206 nm using 2487 dual wavelength ultra violet detector. The method was developed and validated in terms of stability as per International Conference on Harmonisation and Center for Drug Evaluation and Research guidelines. A linear relationship between peak area and concentration of azelaic acid was observed in a concentration range of 5-400 µg/ml (correlation coefficient, r²= 0.998). The method showed acceptable levels of precision (%RSD ≤2), accuracy (>96 % recovery), robustness (<10 % content difference) and stability (>96 % recovery) over varied environmental and laboratory conditions. The method was successfully applied for the determination of azelaic acid, extracted from three different batches of Aziderm® cream, which yielded a recovery of >97 %, indicated its applicability in routine analysis of azelaic acid in pharmaceutical preparations.

Keywords

Azelaic acid, HPLC, non-derivatized, stability studies, validation

Azelaic acid (AZA) is a straight chain saturated (C9) dicarboxylic acid, nonanedioic acid (Figure 1). It is a naturally occurring substance found in wheat, rye, barley and also formed endogenously within the body by metabolism of oleic acid or by omega oxidation of mono carboxylic acid [1]. The effectiveness of AZA against hyperpigmentation was first observed by Nazzaro- Porro and Passi [2]. This depigmenting action of AZA was correlated to its inhibitory effect on thioredoxin reductase pathway [3]. AZA was also found to exhibit antiinflammatory, antimicrobial (Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli) and antikeratinising activities [4-6]. These activities were attributed to the inhibitory action of AZA on the production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 or TNFα) [7], proteins/DNA synthesis within the bacterial cell [7,8] and filaggrin expression in keratinocytes [9].

These multiple activities of AZA with a low toxicity profile [10] has encouraged the cosmeceutical industry to employ AZA as an essential component in their products for the management of hyperpigmentation disorders, lentigo maligna/melanoma, melisma and acne vulgaris [11]. But the major challenge in the commercial implication of AZA is its quantitative analysis spectrophotometrically, since it lacks any strong chromophore and fluorophore group. Various techniques to quantitate AZA from the pharmaceutical/ cosmetic preparations have been reported. These include spectrophotometric analysis employing UV/fluorescent detector or by utilizing thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. These techniques either follow pre-column derivatization approach via 1-leucine-4-methyl-7-coumarinylamide [12], methyl methoxy coumarin [13], methylation/salylation [14], 4-bromophenacylbromide/phenacetyl bromide [15,16], 2-bromoacetyl-6-methoxynaphthalene [17] or on-column derivatization via charged dye [18]. Most of these methods are sensitive enough for the quantitative analysis of lower concentrations of AZA. However, these reactions are often time-consuming and require a good experience in organic and inorganic chemistry. Also these techniques have been reported to form unstable product (mono/di esters) with the incidence of peak broadening and reproducibility issues [17-19].

The aim of the present study was to develop a simple, reproducible, precise, accurate and robust isocratic reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for identification, determination and estimation of AZA (non-derivatized form) in the Aziderm^® cream. The developed method was validated, as per regulatory requirements, for its stability under changing laboratory and environmental conditions.

Materials and Methods

AZA was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis Mo, USA). HPLC grade methanol and acetonitrile (ACN) were obtained from Merck and Sigma Aldrich, respectively. Sodium di-hydrogen orthophosphate and ortho-phosphoric acid were procured from Loba Chemie, Mumbai, India. Aziderm cream 20 % (w/w), a product of Micro Labs Limited, was purchased from a Local Pharmacy. High quality pure triple-distilled Millipore (Model-Milli-Q^R, Merck, US) water was used throughout the analysis.

Instrumentation and chromatographic conditions

A Waters HPLC system equipped with a binary controller pump (515) and UV detector (2487) was employed for the identification and validation of AZA. Each sample to be injected was filtered through 0.22 μm nitrocellulose filter and manually injected (20 μl) using Rheodyne injector (Milford, MA, USA controlled by Empower 2 software). The mobile phase comprised of (75:25) sodium di-hydrogen orthophosphate (NaH2PO4; pH 3.5; 50 mM) and ACN, eluted at a flow rate of 1.2 ml/min through a stationary phase (Kromasil 100-5C18 column, 250×4.6 mm; 5 μm particle size) maintained at ambient temperature i.e. 25°. Analysis was conducted at a detection wavelength of 206 nm.

Preparation of standard and sample solutions

Stock solution (1 mg/ml) of AZA was prepared employing mobile phase, i.e., 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer:ACN (75:25; pH 3.5). The stock solution was further diluted with mobile phase immediately before use to obtain a working solution in the range of 5-400 μg/ml for preparation of calibration plot.

Method validation

The analytical method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness and stability in accordance with International Conference on Harmonization (ICH Q2 (R1), 2005) guidelines [20].

Linearity

Linearity is used to characterize the ability of a proposed analytical procedure to give a response signal (peak height/area) in proportion to the drug concentration [21]. For assay of formulations, linearity is generally performed at seven-concentration levels. Linearity was evaluated within the concentration range of 5-400 μg/ml using 1 mg/ml stock solution. The samples were analysed (n=3) in increasing order of concentration, i.e., 5, 20, 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 μg/ml. The calibration curve was used to calculate limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) applying the graphical method, using following Eqn.: LOD = 3.3×σ/S, LOQ = 10×σ/S, where, σ is the standard deviation of intercept and S is mean of the slope of the calibration curve.

Precision

It is the measure of degree of repetition and reproducibility of an analytical method under a given set of experimental conditions [22]. It is expressed as the percent relative standard deviation (% RSD) for a statistically significant sample number (n=6). Precision (intra-assay/repeatability and inter-assay precision) is determined by repeated analysis of aliquots of homogeneous samples at lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) 5 μg/ml, middle quality control (MQC) 50 μg/ml and high quality control (HQC) 100 μg/ml concentrations prepared independently in a laboratory on the same and on 3 successive days, respectively. The intra/inter-assay precision (% RSD) of less than 2 % was selected as acceptance criteria for the method evaluation.

Accuracy

The accuracy is the proximity of the test concentration procured from an analytical procedure to the true concentration of an analyte. It is determined by replicate analysis (n=6) of samples, at least at three concentration levels, containing known amounts of an analyte. The deviation of the mean from true value serves as the measure of the accuracy. According to ICH Q2B, 1997 guidelines, the mean value should be within 15 % of the actual value [23].

The unfortified sample was prepared by mixing 2 ml of the standard solution (50 μg/ml) with 2 ml of the diluent while fortified samples were prepared by mixing equal volumes of standard with different drug solutions: LLOQ, MQC and HQC. The accuracy is expressed as percent recovery or percent nominal concentration (NC) of the drug in fortified samples with respect to unfortified one.

Robustness

It is the reliability and susceptibility of an analytical procedure, in terms of stability, toward the deliberate changes in processing parameters possible under experimental conditions. The evaluation of robustness is usually considered during the development phase of an analytical procedure. Typical variable parameters (with their acceptable limits) capable of influencing the outcome of the analysis include ratios of mobile phase composition ( ± 2.0 %), buffer pH ( ± 0.5), detection wavelength ( ± 5) and flow rate ( ± 0.2). Standard drug solution (50 μg/ml) was analysed (n=3) at each chromatographic condition and its respective effect on percent drug recovery and retention time (R_T) was noted.

Stability studies

These were performed to evaluate the stability of an aqueous solution of AZA under variable stress/storage conditions, at least for the period that equals or exceeds those applied to the actual study samples i.e. 4-6 w. These studies included bench top, freeze thaw, aqueous solution, stock solution, long-term and post-operative stability studies. All these evaluations were performed as per Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (1994) and ICH guidelines and the response of the sample was analysed against freshly prepared calibration standards [21,24].

Bench top stability was determined by evaluating samples (n=6) at LLOQ and HQC kept undisturbed at 25° (on bench) for 6 h. Freeze thaw stability was calculated by assessing 6 replicates of samples at low and high concentrations previously frozen and thawed over 3 cycles for 3 consecutive days. The samples were frozen at –20° (Celfrost deep freezer, India) for at least 24 h followed by unassisted thawing at room temperature. Aqueous solution stability of the drug was conducted at MQC prepared from the 24 h old stock solution stored at 10°.

Long term stability studies are performed at-least for a period exceeding the time interval from the date of first sample collection to that of last sample analysis. Therefore, keeping this in view the samples were stored for 40 d. Samples (n=6) at LLOQ and HQC were stored at –20° for 40 d and analysed after thawing.

Stock solution stability was evaluated by injecting a dilution of AZA (100 μg/ml) prepared from 40 d old stock solution (1 mg/ml) stored at temperature below 10°. Results were analysed by comparing the area response of the diluted old stock solution with similar dilution made from freshly prepared stock solution. The postoperative stability study was determined by processing six replicates of LLOQ and HQC prepared by employing the stock solution and mobile phase stored prior in refrigerator for 24 h.

Extraction of sample from commercial preparation

Different batches (Batch No. 085, M001 and 132) of commercial preparation (Aziderm^® cream; 10 % w/v) containing AZA were considered for the study. One gram of each preparation was separately dissolved in ACN (2 ml) for complete extraction of drug from the cream. These were subsequently vortexed for 5 min on a vortex mixer and allowed to stand undisturbed for 15 min. The samples were centrifuged at 7000 rpm and supernatant was subsequently diluted to obtain 3 concentrations (50, 100 and 200 μg/ml). The samples were analysed spectrophotometrically (HPLC) at 206 nm and the percent recovery was calculated as per following Eqn., percent recovery = concentration of AZA calculated/concentration of AZA added×100.

Results and Discussion

Theoretically AZA has been reported to be a chromophore poor compound with detection region of 200-210 nm [25]. This is a region of high interference by organic solvents if present in the system, which lead to the reduction of sensitivity and selectivity of acids. Therefore to improve the sensibility and detection of AZA within the UV spectral region various researchers have opted either its pre-column or in-column derivatization techniques. Method though sensitive, but additional derivatization step makes the process somewhat complex and tedious. On the contrary, various researchers have reported simple RP-HPLC method for the precise and accurate detection of short to long chain mono/dicarboxylic acids (underivatized form) in vegetable oil and industrial reaction samples at wavelengths less than 225 nm employing low pH mobile phase comprising of ACN as organic modifier [26,27]. Considering above findings, RP-HPLC method for AZA detection at lower wavelength band was evaluated. UV scan of AZA solution (2 mg/ml) in a spectral region of 200-400 nm revealed absorption maxima at 206 nm, which was further confirmed from the spiking analysis of AZA solution and its dilutions thereof (Figure 2). The results were found in consonance with the reported findings of Esposito et al. [28]. The wavelength so obtained was employed in developing method for the quantitative determination of underivatized AZA on HPLC. The mobile phase was selected based on the polarity of the drug. Different trials were conducted by varying mobile phase compositions, their ratios, pH, and the final working mobile phase comprising of sodium phosphate buffer: ACN (75:25; pH 3.5) at a flow rate of 1.2 ml/min was chosen.

The calibration curve (Figure 3) showed a linear relationship between the drug concentrations and its respective areas within the range of 5-400 μg/ml. The linearity of the method was calculated from least square regression (r2) value of the slope, which was found to be 0.998. The linear equation calculated from the standard plot is as follows: y = 468.16x–1230.2, where, y is the response area of sample and x is the concentration taken.

LOD and LOQ as calculated using graphical method was found to be 1.08 and 3.28 μg/ml, respectively. Considering this 5, 50 and 100 μg/ml was taken as LLOQ, MQC and HQC, respectively. The chromatograph showed no significant interference of the blank sample (without drug) at the retention time (~8 min) of analysed AZA samples (Figure 4).

The results of precision-accuracy batches conducted on single or on 3 successive days are shown in Table 1. Intra/inter-day precision for 3 batches (n=6) was found to be within the acceptable limits with % RSD value ≤2.0. Good recoveries (>99 %) at each fortification level were achieved with % RSD of less than 2 %. No significant variation in the calculated drug concentration was observed on any day.

Table 1: Intra and Inter-Day Precision and Accuracy Analysis of AZA

Absence of any significant change in the content (<10 %) and R_T with deliberate changes to the method variables exhibited the method to be robust (Table 2). Results indicated the method to be sturdy enough to withstand minor alterations arising during experimentation due to human/equipment error.

Table 2: Results of Robustness Study

Table 3 highlights the outcome of stability studies conducted on aqueous solutions of AZA. Different AZA dilutions (LLOQ, MQC and HQC) were prepared employing mobile phase (diluting solvent) from stock solution and peak areas of the response was compared to that of the freshly spiked sample. Bench top and aqueous solution stability studies, an indicator of formulation’s short term stability, predicted the recovery of >97 %. This showed the sample stability during the period of its retrieval from the cold room till its final processing. The outcome of freeze-thaw stability studies revealed the concentration of AZA to be >96 % of the NC. This exhibited the ability of solution to withstand the processing delays, if any, without compromising the stability. The stock solution of the drug was also found to exhibit long term stability. The concentration of samples stored for 40 d depicted a recovery of >96 % with respect to NC. The results of the long term stability suggested that AZA was stable and can be analysed anytime between the periods of sample collection up to its final processing. The method developed was also validated for postoperative stability, which demonstrated that AZA was stable (95-100 % of the NC).

Table 3: Stability Studies of AZA

The proposed method was explored for the determination of AZA from 3 different batches of Aziderm^® cream. The results shown in Table 4 depict the purity of commercial formulation to be within the permissible range i.e. % RSD ≤2. The extraction efficiency of the drug from the formulations was found to be more than 97 %. The method was found to be accurate and selective, with the absence of any interference from the excipients present in the dosage form.

Table 4: Drug Analysis in Aziderm^®

The current isocratic HPLC method developed for AZA analysis provides a great advantage of simplicity, easy sample preparation and absence of requirement of any pre-derivatization step. The method was fully validated according to the regulatory guidelines and was found to be accurate, precise, robust and rugged. The drug and stock solutions showed good stability under a variety of conditions with no observable evidence of degradation/instability of AZA solution. The method developed yielded a resolution peak (with acceptable recovery values) of active moiety extracted from topical cream without any interference of excipient present in the pharmaceutical preparation.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the University Grants Commission (UGC, BSR Research fellowship scheme 2014-15 granted to Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, appointment letter no. 11138) for financial support. The authors also thank the Sophisticated Instrumentation Center (SIC) and Prof. Gulshan Bansal, Punjabi University Patiala for providing facilities for successful completion of this work.

Conflict of interest

Authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

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