Comparative Antimicrobial Activity of Phytofabricated Ag and Au Nanoparticles from Ledebouria hydrabadensis Rhizome using Various Methods

*Corresponding Author:

D. Ashok
Green and medicinal Chemistry Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, Osmania University,
Hyderabad-500007, Telangana, India
E-mail: ashokdou@gmail.com

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Abstract

The paper reports the comparative study, synthesis and evaluation of antimicrobial activity of silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles. These are phytofabricated from root bulb extract of medicinal plant Ledebouria hyderabadensis using various methods such as stirring, sonication and autoclave. Synthesized Ag and Au nanoparticles characterized by multiple instrumental techniques such as the UV-Visible spectroscopy, the maximum absorption peak noted at 436 nm and 556 nm indicate the formation of metallic colloidal Ag and Au nanoparticles respectively. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of Ag and Au nanoparticles indicates the phytochemicals proteins, alcohols and phenols present in the Ledebouria hyderabadensis rhizome extract involving in the reduction and stabilization by capping around the Ag and Au nanoparticles. The average particle size found to be below 50 nm in all the cases except Ag nanoparticles synthesized by the stirring method. The transmission electron microscopy images clearly indicating the nano-sized monoclinic, polyclinic, anisotropic, polydistributed, spherical shaped particles. These Ag and Au nanoparticles exhibited profound antimicrobial activity against harmful tested phytopathogenic fungi Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani and human pathogenic fungi Aspergillus flavus as well as against human harmful bacteria Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis used in this experimentt.

Keywords

Ledebouria hyderabadensis, Ag and Au nanoparticles, antibacterial activity, human pathogenic fungus, plant pathogenic fungus

Introduction

In The biological synthesis of nanoparticles is attracting stream of research due to ease of availability and renewable plant sources [1]. This greener approach using plant materials [2,3], microorganisms [4,5] is a fascinating alternative and shows many benefits over the chemically synthesized nanoparticles because they involve simple reaction processes, non-toxic, environmentally friendly, low cost, energy-efficient and they proved to be stable [6]. The previous studies of biologically synthesized silver and gold nanoparticles exert a potential antibacterial effect. Phytochemicals and metabolites [7] having medicinal properties is responsible for the reduction of Ag and Au ions into the stable Ag and Au particles; meanwhile, they are acting as capping agents by surrounding the particles. The medicinal plant materials consisting of active components produced considerable biological activities. They used in Ayurveda for the cure of many diseases around the globe and India for so many years.

Nanotechnology has emerged as an interdisciplinary subject construct applications in all streams of science and technology. The Ag and Au nanoparticles have biological importance; the combination of these metallic nanoparticles surrounded with active plant components such as alkaloids, polyphenols, carbohydrates, proteins, etc. generated excellent and improvised properties not only in the biological but also in medicine, chemistry and pharmaceuticals [8,9]. From the above advantages, many plants previously reported for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles, alfalfa [10], coriander [11], lemongrass [12], aloevera [13], neem [14] etc. Many studies have existed for the synthesis of Ag and Au nanoparticles using various plant materials [15-16]. Synthesis of Ag and Au nanoparticles have got an enormous emphasis on the scientific industry because they show controlled geometry [17], stability, different surface morphology, distinctive chemical and physical properties [18,19]. Multipurpose applications of Ag nanoparticles previously reported such as the antitumor effect [20], antibiotics [21], antimicrobial effect [22, 23], pollution treatment [24,25], molecular switches, electronics [26], materials science, forensic science [27], textile industry, food technology [28], agriculture [29], catalytic [30], drug delivery [31], anti-cancer, sensing, diseases diagnosis [32], therapeutic applications [33] and many more. Ag nanoparticles proved to have efficiency in the anti-microbial effect [34-37].

The production of potent advanced drugs got importance in the 21st century because ever-increasing consequences as microorganism bacteria and fungi are becoming drug resistance. So there is an urgent need to produce efficient multidrug for in opposition to human pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Phytopathogenic fungi result in produce many diseases in the industrial as well as food-based crops around the world. These diseases cause a considerable amount of economic and food product loss because plants are the primary nutrient sources for pathogens [38]. Ag nanoparticle’s effect on plant pathogens reported previously [39,40]. So the synthesis of nanoparticles produces excellent antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungus in the agriculture field [41-42].

The present work focused on the fabrication of Ag and Au nanoparticles from the Ledebouria hyderabadensis aqueous rhizome extract using three various methods; those are stirring, sonication and autoclave. To characterize the phytofabricated Ag and Au nanoparticles using multiple spectroscopic and microscopic studies. To perform antimicrobial activity against harmful phytopathogenic, human pathogenic fungi and bacteria. To our knowledge, this is the first report to study the synthesis of Ag and Au nanoparticles and its applications from Ledebouria hyderabadensis rhizome extract.

Materials and Methods

Chemicals:

Ledebouria hydrabadensis plant rhizome had been collected locally from Osmania University campus, Hyderabad, India. Silver Nitrate (AgNO₃) and Chloroauric acid (HAuCl₄) were purchased from SDFine chemicals Mumbai, India. The bacterial and fungal test strains procured from IMTECH, Chandigarh. The media for the growth of bacterial and fungal strains purchased from Himedia laboratories, Mumbai, India. Glassware used in the investigation was acid washed then rinsed with distilled water thoroughly. Deionized water used throughout the experiment.

Preparation of rhizome extract:

The Ledebouria hydrabadensis collected rhizome (41.19 gm) shown in (fig. 1a) upper layer was removed and cleaned using running tap water followed by rinsing with the distilled water to get rid of earth crust then ground to a fine paste with mortar and pestle. The paste was directly mixed with 1000 ml of distilled water and kept for stirring using magnetic stirrer at 500 rpm and heating temp at 60° for 1 h. After stirring the clear white color plant extract solution shown in (fig. 1b) is filtered and collected in a 1000 ml screw cap bottle and stored at 4° for further use in the fabrication of Ag and Au nanoparticles.

Phytofabrication of Ag and Au nanoparticles:

Three Ag and three Au nanoparticles fabricated using three different methods, such as stirring, ultrasonic water bath and autoclave. The aqueous solutions of 1 mM silver nitrate and 0.25 mM chloroauric acid metal salts are used in this study. 900 ml of aqueous metal solution kept for stirring at 500 rpm, 40o, and 100 ml of Ledebouria hydrabadensis aqueous plant extract is added dropwise from the burette for the synthesis of nanoparticles using magnetic stirrer method. The synthesis of nanoparticles using an autoclave method, to 900 ml of aqueous metal solution, 100 ml of Ledebouria hydrabadensis aqueous plant extract directly added, kept for stirring for 5 min to proper mixing of solutions then transferred into the autoclave for 30 min and 15 lbs pressure. Synthesis of nanoparticles using sonication method, to 900 ml of aqueous metal solution 100 ml of Ledebouria hydrabadensis aqueous rhizome extract directly added, kept for stirring for 5 min to proper mixing of solutions then transferred into an ultrasonic water bath (20-40 kHz) at 60°. After completion of the reaction, the Ag nanoparticles solution exhibited brown color and Au nanoparticles exhibited violet color indicating the formation of colloidal nanoparticles. Fig. 1 displaying the rhizome of Ledebouria hydrabadensis plant source, aqueous rhizome extract and synthesized Ag, Au colloidal nanoparticles solutions. The concentrated colloidal metal nanoparticles solution was obtained by centrifugation of the nanoparticles solution at 10000 rpm for 15 min. To get rid of extra unbound plant material, concentrated colloidal metal nanoparticles solution washed with distilled water twice then transferred into a crucible and kept in a hot air oven for 12 h at 60°. The dehydrated metal nanoparticles ground to obtain fine powder used for further characterization and advanced applications.

Characterization of Ag and Au nanoparticles:

The constitution of Ag and Au nanoparticles by reduction of Ag⁺ and Au⁺ ions monitored by Ultraviolet- Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The 200-800 nm wavelength range selected with the baseline correction done by distilled water. Small aliquot colloidal nanoparticles from the reaction mixture solution mixed with distilled water and UV-Vis spectral analysis served by using the instrument, UV 2600 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, Shimadzu. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis by KBr pellet technique produced by 1 mg of synthesized Ag and Au nanoparticles ground with a small amount of KBr in a clean mortar separately. The aqueous rhizome extracts directly analyzed by keeping the one drop of aqueous rhizome extract on lenses. The FTIR spectra of phytofabricated Ag and Au nanoparticles recorded with IR Affinity-1, Shimadzu, selected wavelength range between 4500-500 cm^-1. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) of Ag and Au nanoparticles carried out by spreading the metallic nanopowder as a thin layer on a clean glass slide. XRD performed with Philips Xpert Pro instrument with Cukα X-ray source with generator settings 40kV, 30mAh with scanning rate 2°min^-1 in θ=2θ configuration. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images obtained by a small amount of metallic nano-powder dispersed in 1ml distilled water followed sonicated for 30 min using an ultrasonic water bath. A drop of the sample placed on a carbon-coated copper grid placed on a piece of par film, drain the excess with the help of filter paper and wait for 5-10 min to dry. Latter observed under TEM at various magnifications using model FEI Tecnai G2 S Twin.

Antibacterial activity:

The antibacterial activity of Ag and Au nanoparticles fabricated using various methods from Ledebouria hydrabadensis rhizome extract tested by using the agar well-diffusion method. In this method, the fresh actively growing bacterial cultures of two selected bacteria, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis prepared. Nutrient agar media prepared by dissolving 2.8 gm nutrient agar in 100 ml distilled water then autoclaved. Bacterial cultures spread individually onto Muller-Hinton agar plates and wells were made using sterile borer, then respective samples were added. To these wells, 100μl of each compound dissolved in DMSO (1 mg/ml) was added and incubated at 37° for 24 h to observe the zone of inhibition, which diameter measured in mm. 1 mg Streptomycin dissolved in 1ml distilled water was used as a control in this study.

Antifungal activity of human and plant pathogenic fungi:

The antifungal activity was detected by the agar well diffusion method [43]. Soil-borne plant pathogenic fungi, Sclerotium rolfsii and Rhizoctonia solani, and the human pathogenic fungus Aspergillus flavus was grown on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media. An agar block (five mm dia) was cut from an actively growing (96 h old) fungal culture and placed on the surface of the fresh agar medium at the centre of the Petri plate. After that, 100μl of each compound (1 mg/mL) dissolved in Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was added to each well and incubated for 24 h, then the zone of inhibition observed. Plates inoculated with the same fungus without compound used as control. Two replications maintained for each and reduction in radial growth was measured.

Results and Discussion

UV-Vis spectroscopy is a prominently used technique [44] in the case of metallic nanoparticles preparation as a primary tool. The preliminary examination of the formation of colloidal nanoparticles observed visually shows a distinctive brown color for Ag and deep violet color in the case of Au nanoparticles. The color change due to combined surface electronic oscillations called surface plasmon resonance [45] was a characteristic property of metallic Ag and Au nanoparticles. It varies with the size, concentration of the colloidal metal solution [46,47]. The formed colloidal Ag nanoparticles exhibited maximum absorption peaks between 420-450 nm and 530-600 nm in the case of Au nanoparticles. UV-Vis spectroscopy of Ag and Au colloidal nanoparticles synthesized using autoclave are showing maximum absorption peaks λ _max at 436 nm and 556 nm, respectively in fig. 2. The surface plasmon resonance peaks are the characteristic absorption peaks [48], proving the formation of respective stabilized colloidal nanoparticles. In addition, a flat curve in UV-Vis spectroscopy suggesting the polydistributed nanoparticles in the colloidal solution. According to Krishnaraj et al. [49], a single peak indicates spherical particles, whereas many peaks indicate anisotropic particles. The examination of UV-Vis spectroscopy showing the reduction process of Ag⁺ and Au⁺ ions into phytomediated stabilized Ag and Au nanoparticles.

The biological synthesis processes of metallic nanoparticles generally monitored by FTIR analysis.

The FTIR analysis provides information about the possible active phytochemicals compounds involving in the reduction reaction. The increasing phytochemicals involvement in the reduction will give more intense bands in the spectra [18,50]. The stabilization process occurred by surrounding these active components on the surface of Ag and Au nanoparticles. The characteristic vibrational bonds within the IR region of functional groups belong to active components are identified. The IR spectra exhibiting the vibrational bonds of Ag and Au nanoparticles synthesized using various methods along with rhizome extract shown in fig. 3. The prominent bands observed in the IR spectra at 3434 cm^-1, 3072 cm^-1, 1799 cm^-1, 1637 cm^-1, 1377 cm^-1 and 1220 cm^-1. The broadband observed at 3448 cm^-1 suggests the strong stretching vibration of a hydroxyl group (-OH) from alcohol or phenolic compounds. The less intense bands at 3072 cm^-1 attribute to NH3⁺ of amino acids, intense bands at 1799 cm-1 assigned to C=O anhydride of carboxylic acid derivatives. The bands at 1637 cm^-1 due to N-H vibrations of 1o amines, weak intense band at 1379 cm^-1 indicate N-O vibrations of aliphatic nitro compounds. The less intense band at 1220 arises due to the C–O stretching vibrations of phenols. According to Wu et al. [51], proteins and amino acids having more reactive towards ions to produce stable nanoparticles, thus proteins involved in the stabilization process [52]. In the case of Ag nanoparticles, above stated all compounds are involved, but for Au nanoparticles, only proteins and phenols involved in the phytoreduction process. A similar observation was noticed in the biological synthesis of Ag nanoparticles using leaf extract of Mimusops elengi [53], Jatropha curcas seed extract [54] and Banana peel extract [55].

Phytofabricated Ag and Au nanoparticles subjected to XRD analysis, unveil the crystalline nature. The attribute peaks of 2θ degrees in fig. 4, suggesting the highly crystalline nature of both Ag and Au nanoparticles. The four distinct diffraction peaks observed for each Ag nanoparticles at 2θ = 37.8482°, 45.8347°, 67.1296°, 76.4299°. The results indexed for the face-centric cubic crystalline structure of Ag nanoparticles and it was matched with the JCPDS data file no. 65-2871. Three Au nanoparticles notified around at 2θ = 37.83°, 43.92°, 64.26° and 77.29°, those understood to be (111) (200) (220) and (311) lattice planes, respectively. In the case of Ag nanoparticles, other unassigned peaks observed are due to the crystallization of other biological materials found on the surface of Ag nanoparticles [56]. The results correlated with previously published articles by Balaji et al. [57], Krishnaraj et al. [50], Suvith et al. [58]. The average particle size calculated from the following Debye- Scherrer equation. The average particle sizes for Ag nanoparticles synthesized using various methods found to be 150 nm for stirring, 20 nm for sonication, 9 nm for an autoclave. Au nanoparticles, 45 nm for stirring, 38 nm for sonication, 16 nm for autoclaved proved to be the same and well-matched with the particle sizes exhibited in TEM images.

D=Kλ/β(0.5 ) cos⁡θ Where β=π/180×FWHM

K is Scherrer constant with a value from 0.9 to 1 (shape factor), λ is X-ray Wavelength (1.5418 Å), θ is Braggs angle and the FWHM is full width at half maximum.

The morphological studies such as size, shape and distribution obtained from Transmission electron microscopy images. TEM images in fig. 5 clearly depicting the nano-sized Ag and Au nanoparticles. The average particle size was observed below 100 nm in all the cases except Ag nanoparticles synthesized using stirring; least size and fine nanoparticles found in the case of Ag and Au nanoparticles synthesized using the autoclave method. So these are used further in applications. Mono distributed, spherical-shaped Ag nanoparticles and polydistributed, spherical-shaped Au nanoparticles were found. Agglomerated flower-like shaped Au nanoparticles observed from synthesis using the stirring method, while aggregation observed in the case of Au nanoparticles synthesis from the sonication method. Precise spherical shaped Au nanoparticles observed in the case of an autoclave method. The selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns of colloidal Ag and Au nanoparticles were shown in fig. 6. The bright spots and circular rings in typical SAED patterns correspond to the lattice plane of Braggs reflections [59,60] indicate (111) (200) (220) and (311) are proving synthesized Ag and Au nanoparticles are highly crystalline structure in nature.

Metal nanoparticles, especially Ag and Au nanoparticles extensively used in the antimicrobial effects from the last decades [61]. The antibacterial activity of Ag nanoparticles previously reported against pathogenic bacteria [62]. Antibacterial activity was done by agar well-diffusion method [60] against human pathogenic bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli.The effect of antibacterial activity varies with change in the morphology of nanoparticles, such as different sizes, shapes, etc [63]. The zone of inhibition of Ag and Au nanoparticles synthesized using the autoclave method shown in fig. 7. The Ag and Au nanoparticles exhibited 0.2 cm, 0.3 cm against Bacillus subtilis and 0.3 cm, 0.2 cm against Escherichia coli respectively and control sample streptomycin showed 4 cm of the zone of inhibition. Previous reports Muthukrishnan et al. [64], Murugan et al. [65] showed similar results of antibacterial activity in the case of Ag nanoparticles from biological synthesis. The zone of inhibition against phytopathogenic fungi by Ag and Au nanoparticles on Sclerotium rolfsi exhibited as 1.5 cm, 1.3 cm, against Rhizoctonia solani 1.3 cm, 1.6 cm, respectively and control sample showed 2.5 cm in this case. Zone of inhibition for human pathogenic fungi Aspergillus flavus exhibited as 0.5 cm, 1 cm for Ag and Au nanoparticles and control sample showed 3 cm. According to Kim et al. [40], Huang et al. [66], the antibacterial and antifungal activity mainly caused by metallic nanoparticles penetrate and cause damage to the cell wall of pathogens. The results proved phytofabricated Ag and Au nanoparticles deliver considerable antimicrobial activities against human pathogenic fungi, plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria.

The Ag and Au nanoparticles successfully fabricated using a simple one-pot reduction method which not involved toxic chemicals by three different methods. The visual observation of color change indicates the formation of colloidal Ag and Au nanoparticles. The SPR peaks of UV-Vis spectroscopy confirm the constitution of colloidal Ag and Au nanoparticles. The phytochemicals mainly proteins from rhizome extract of Ledebouria hydrabadensis involving in reduction reaction clearly indicated by FTIR analysis. In most cases, the average particle size found to be below 50 nm and crystalline in nature proved by X-ray diffraction studies and TEM images. The clear monoclinic, anisotropic, spherical shaped particles exhibited in TEM images. The tested results were showing the fabricated Ag and Au nanoparticles producing good antimicrobial activity against phytopathogenic fungi and human pathogenic fungi as well as bacteria. The simplicity in fabrication, ease of availability and renewable plant sources makes these processes useful in the bulk production of biologically active metallic nanoparticles.

Acknowledgments:

The authors gratefully acknowledge the Forensic science unit, Department of Chemistry, for providing facilities to carry out the research work. Authors thankful to the University Grants Commission, New Delhi, India for the senior research fellowship award to Sandupatla Raju and BSR Fellowship to D. Ashok.

Conflict of interests

The authors declared no conflict of interest.

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