Z. Parveen*, S. Nawaz, S. Siddique and K. Shahzad

PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Ferozpur Road, Lahore‑54600, Pakistan

*Corresponding Author:
Z. Parveen
PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Ferozpur Road, Lahore‑54600, Pakistan
E-mail: Zahidaparveen18@gmail.com
Date of Submission 09 August 201
Date of Revision 11 February 2013
Date of Acceptance 13 February 2013
Indian J Pharm Sci, 2013;75(1):117-122  

DOI: 10.4103/0250-474X.113544

Abstract

The essential oil from the leaves of Curcuma longa L. Kasur variety grown in Pakistan was extracted by hydro-distillation. Chemical constituents of the essential oil were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The chromatographic analysis of oil showed 25 constituents, out of which nine chemical constituents were identified. The eucalyptol (10.27%) was the major component of the essential oil. α-pinene (1.50%), β-phellandrene (2.49%), β-pinene (3.57%), limonene (2.73%), 1,3,8-p-menthatriene (1.76%), ascaridole epoxide (1.452%), 2-methylisoborneol (2.92%), 5-isopropyl-6-methyl-hepta-3, dien-2-ol (2.07%) were also present in considerable quantity. The antimicrobial properties of leaves of Curcuma longa were tested by disc diffusion method against various human pathogens, including eight fungal and five bacterial strains. Essential oil showed maximum resistance against Fusarium miniformes MAY 3629 followed by Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 whereas; it exhibited least resistance against Fusarium oxysporium ATCC 48122. The results of the antimicrobial assay revealed that essential oil showed significant inhibitory activity against the tested organisms.

Keywords

Antimicrobial effects, Curcuma longa L, essential oil, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, hydro‑distillation, leaves

Due to negative consumer perceptions of artificial preservatives, attention is shifting towards natural preservatives [1]. The use of essential oils as functional ingredients in foods, drinks, toiletries and cosmetics is gaining momentum, both for the growing interest of consumers in ingredients from natural sources and also because of increasing concern about potentially harmful synthetic additives/preservatives [2].

Therefore, much attention has been focused on utilisation of plant derived antimicrobials to control pathogens in foods. Consequently, alternative preservatives are needed, which possess antimicrobial activity and cause no health problems [3,4].

Spices and condiments have been used for centuries to enhance the flavour and aroma of foods and their medicinal values. Spices are known for antimicrobial properties [5] and are most commonly used natural antimicrobial agents in foods [6,7]. Essential oils from different spices were found to possess antimicrobial activity [8‑10] and majority of the essential oils are classified by FDA as ‘Generally Recognised as Safe’ [11].

Curcuma longa L. commonly known as ‘turmeric’ belongs to Zingiberaceae family, is a genus of 70 species of rhizomateous herbs. It is a perennial herb, cultivated extensively throughout the warmer parts of the world [12]. It is known worldwide for its multipurpose use in medicine, cosmetics, food flavouring and textile industries [13]. Turmeric powder, extracts and oleoresins are some of the widely used commercial products of C. longa plant [14]. The oils and the diarylheptanoid curcumin, which are the major secondary metabolites for C. longa have been shown to be largely responsible for the pharmacological activities of turmeric powder, extracts and oleoresins. The main activities have been found to be antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, wound healing, anticancer, antitumor and antiviral [15]. Furthermore, it has potential therapeutic effects against neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic and autoimmune diseases [16]. The oil of C. longa has been shown to possess the antiinflammatory activity, increase the bile flow and effective against bronchial asthma in a clinical trial [15]. Both the curcumin and the oil have been shown to possess wound healing properties and inhibitory activities against pathogenic fungi both in vitro and in vivo [15].

The essential oil of C. longa rhizome has been studied in detail by a number of workers [17,18] and the main constituents were ar‑turmerone, turmerol and atlantone [18]. Leaves of Curcuma species are a waste product during postharvest operations. Traditionally, the leaves of C. longa extensively used in culinary preparation are aromatic and contain essential oil. C. longa leaves oil bestowed with medicinal values, has been used for treatment of various ailments and many of its therapeutic properties have been experimentally validated including its antimicrobial activity [19,20].

There are a few reports on constituents of C. longa leaf essential oil from different origins. Sixty‑one compounds were identified from the leaf oil of C. longa constituting 99.8% of the oil and main constituents were α‑phellandrene (53.4%), terpinolene (11.5%) and 1,8‑cineole (10.5%) [17]. Leaves essential of elite genotype of C. longa L. from South Eastern Ghats of Orissa showed α‑phellandrene (57.8%) as a major constituent [21]. The leaf oil of C. longa from Vietnam contained mainly α‑phellandrene (24.5%), 1,8-cineole (15.9%), p‑cymene (13.2%) and β‑pinene (8.9%) (12), while that of a Nigerian chemotype contained mainly α‑phellandrene (47.7%) and terpinolene (28.9%) [22]. However, no information is known about the constituents and antimicrobial activity of C. longa Kasur var. leaves oil, which were collected from Ayub Agriculture Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

The objectives of this study were to determine the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of C. longa leaves against common food borne pathogens, in an attempt to contribute it as alternative product for microbial control and food preservation.

The leaves of C. longa Kasur var. were collected from Ayub Agriculture Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan. The plant was identified at Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan. A voucher specimen is deposited in Prem Madan Herbarium (PMH) of Lahore College for Women University, Lahore Pakistan (Voucher No. PMH‑12013).

Oil was extracted by hydro‑distillation by reverse dean‑stark method. A closed steam producing system was evolved which helped in the collection of oil without losing it into condensed water. The plant material was taken in a 5 l round bottom flask and heated in an isomantle. The flask was filled with the plants material (about half of its capacity) and then enough water was added to completely immerse the material. A reversed Dean‑Stark assembly was fixed on the flask mouth and a coil condenser was attached on its top. The flask was heated and steam was produced in the flask, released oil which was carried away by the steam rising out of the flask. The steam carrying oil was led to the condenser on the top and condensed liquid dropped into the reverse dean stark apparatus. The oil floated on the top of water layer which on the addition of liquid coming from the condenser pushed the water in the bottom through the side arm back into the flask for recirculation. The same water was used again and again, which carried the essential oil from flask into straight arm and thus affected the extraction and separation of essential oil from plant material. The oil was separated from water by separatory funnel. The oil was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and weighed.

The analysis of the essential oil was carried out on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC‑MS) of Agilent Technologies Inc., USA, Model 6890 N, operating in electron ionization mode at 70 eV equipped with a split‑less injector. Helium is used as a carrier gas at the flow rate of 1 ml/min, while HP‑5 MS (30 m×0.25 mm id, 0.25 µ film thickness) capillary column was used. The initial temperature was programmed at 50‑140° at the rate of 5°/min and then 100‑250° at the rate of 3°/min followed by a constant temperature at 260° for period of 20 min. Sample (2 µl) was injected to column programmed at 200° and resolutions of components were attained. The mass spectrometer is capable of scanning from 35 to 500 AMU every second or less. The data acquisition system continuously acquires and stores all data analyses. The components were identified by their retention time and peak enhancement with standard samples in GC mode and NIST library search from the derived fragmentation pattern of the various components of the oil. The test organisms used in the study were Gram‑negative (Salmonella typhymurium ATCC 14028, Enterobacter areogene ATCC 13048 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922) and Gram‑positive organisms (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633) along with different fungal strains i.e. Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404, Aspergillus flavus ATCC 204304, Aspergillus fumigatus KM 8001, Aspergillus ficuum ATCC 66876, Aspergillus oryzae ATCC 10124, Fusarium oxysporum ATCC 48122, Penicillum digitatum ATCC 201167, Fusarium miniformes MAY 3629, Fusarium saloni MAY 3636. They were obtained from Food and Biotechnology Research Centre, PCSIR Labs, Lahore Pakistan and were stored initially at 4° in respective agar i.e., nutrient agar for bacteria and potato dextrose for fungal strains.

The agar disc diffusion method was employed for the determination of antibacterial and antifungal activity of C. longa leaves oil following the procedure of Baydar et al. [23], against different food borne pathogens including bacteria (S. aureus ATCC 25923, B. subtilis ATCC 6633, E. coli ATCC 25922, S. typhymurium ATCC14028 and E. aerogenes ATCC 13048) and fungi (A. niger ATCC 16404, A. flavus ATCC 204304, A. fumigatus KM 8001, A. ficuum ATCC 66876, A. oryzae ATCC 10124, F. oxysporum ATCC 48122, P. digitatum ATCC 201167, F. miniformes MAY 3629, F. saloni MAY3636). Standard culture media (CM 139, CM271, CM145, CM69, CM7 and CM201) from Oxoid were employed throughout the present investigation for the purpose of culture maintenance The agar disc diffusion method was employed for the determination of antibacterial and antifungal activity of C. longa leaves oil following the procedure of Baydar et al. [23], against different food borne pathogens including bacteria (S. aureus ATCC 25923, B. subtilis ATCC 6633, E. coli ATCC 25922, S. typhymurium ATCC14028 and E. aerogenes ATCC 13048) and fungi (A. niger ATCC 16404, A. flavus ATCC 204304, A. fumigatus KM 8001, A. ficuum ATCC 66876, A. oryzae ATCC 10124, F. oxysporum ATCC 48122, P. digitatum ATCC 201167, F. miniformes MAY 3629, F. saloni MAY3636). Standard culture media (CM 139, CM271, CM145, CM69, CM7 and CM201) from Oxoid were employed throughout the present investigation for the purpose of culture maintenance Sterile and dried 4 mm paper discs (Difco) were impregnated with filtered (0.45 mm Millipore filter) and freshly extracted oil of C. longa L. leaves. These oil‑impregnated discs were dried under laminar flow cabinet. The concentration of oil for each disc was 10 μl. The discs were placed on freshly seeded microbial lawns (4 discs in each plate) with a control. All experiments were conducted in triplicate. The petri plates were incubated at their respective temperatures and zones of inhibition thus developed against tested microorganisms were measured in millimetres after a period of 24, 48 and 96 h. The results of antimicrobial activity of oil against different microorganisms were expressed as resistant, intermediate and sensitive.

The essential oil was extracted by hydro‑distillation from of C. longa leaves; yield was 1.45% (v/w). The GC coupled with MS revealed the presence of 25 compounds. Nine components, 28.76% of total were identified (Table 1). These components were further classified into two fractions i.e. hydrocarbon fraction and oxygenated fraction. Hydrocarbon fraction constituted α‑pinene, β‑pinene, β‑phellandrene, limonene and 1,3,8‑p‑menthatriene while eucalyptol, ascaridole epoxide, 2‑methylisoborneol, 5‑isopropyl‑6‑methyl‑hepta‑3,5-dien‑2‑ol comprised the oxygenated fraction of the oil.

Components Retention time (min) % age M/Z values
α‑pinene 5.4 1.5 M+(136,8) (121,17) (105,13) (93,100) (80,6) (77,31) (67,6) (65,6) (55,6) (53,8)
β‑pinene 7.9 3.57 M+(136,5) (121,8) (107,4) (93,100) (79,19) (65,7) (53,10) (50,3)
β‑phellandrene 8.95 2.49 M+(136,19) (121,7) (93,100) (80,11) (77,35) (69,8) (65,7) (53,6)
Limonene 10.41 2.73 M+(136,31) (121,34) (107,29) (103,3) (93,85) (79,44) (68,100) (63,4) (53,25)
Eucalyptol 12.16 10.27 M+(154,39) (139,28) (134,29) (119,100) (108,34) (93,24) (81,32) (71,20) (55,15)
1,3,8‑p menthatriene 13.96 1.76 M+(134,85) (119,100) (105,32) (91,03) (77,24) (51,10)
Ascaridole epoxide 17.51 1.45 M+(150,40) (135,100) (125,33) (121,31) (107,76) (95,48) (91,47) (83,30) (79,37) (69,36) (6516) (51,10)
2‑methylisoborneol 19.45 2.92 M+(168,8) (150,7) (135,8) (122,8) (95,100) (91,12) (79,11) (67,12) (55,7)
5-isopropyl-6-methyl-hepta-3,5-dien-2-ol 25.35 2.07 M+(168,10) (150,11) (135,15) (122,12) (107,46) (95,100) (70,12) (59,40) (55,10)

Table 1: Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of essential oil of curcuma longa leaves.

In present study, eucalyptol (10.27%) was the major component of the essential oil which was contrary to previous results in which α‑phellandrene and terpinolene reported as major constituents [12,17,21,22,24]. It is interesting to note that α‑phellandrene and terpinolene, which had been reported as major constituent of leaves oil [12,17,21,22,24] were absent in this study. α‑inene (1.50%) and β‑inene (3.57%) amounts were comparable to reports published earlier on leaf oil of C. longa [24]. β‑phellandrene (2.49%), limonene (2.73%), 1,3,8‑p‑menthatriene (1.76%) ascaridole epoxide (1.452%), 2‑methylisoborneol (2.92%), 5-isopropyl-6-methyl-hepta-3,5-dien-2-ol (2.07%) were present in considerable quantity.

Salient finding of the present investigation is first time report of six newly identified components of C. longa leaves essential oil including β‑phellandrene, limonene, 1,3,8-p-menthatriene, ascaridole epoxide, 2‑methylisoborneol, 5-isopropyl-6-methyl-hepta-3,5- dien-2-ol. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of C. longa leaves essential oil, investigated against different food borne pathogens by disc diffusion method, are presented in Table 2. The results showed different degrees of growth inhibition, depending on the microbial strains. The results of different studies provide evidence that some medicinal plants might indeed be potential sources of new antibacterial agents even against some antibiotic‑resistant strains [25].

Tested microorganism Colony morphology Incubation temperature (°) Culture media (oxoid) Inhibition zone at 24 h (mm) Inhibition zone at 48 h (mm) Inhibition zone at 96 h (mm) Efficiency
Aspergillus niger White, later green/black 25 CM 139 18 18 18 S
Aspergillus flavus White, later green/black 25 CM 139 20 20 20 S
Aspergillus fumigatus White, later green/black 25 CM 139 16 16 16 S
Aspergillus ficuum White, later green/black 25 CM 139 11 11 11 S
Aspergillus oryzae White, later green/black 25 CM 139 15 15 15 I
Fusarium oxysporium White, later pink, wrinkled 25 CM 139 10 10 10 R
Fusarium miniformes White, later brown, irregular 25 CM 139 22 22 22 S
Fusarium saloni White cottony 25 CM 139 15 15 15 I
Penicillium digitatum White, later blue‑green 25 CM 139 10 10 10 R
Staphylococcus aureus Gram+ve, cocci 37 CM 145 17 17 17 S
Bacillus subtilis Gram+ve, rods 37 CM 271 21 21 21 S
Escherichia coli Gram−ve, rods 37 CM 69 16 16 16 S
Salmonella typhimurim Gram−ve, rods 37 CM 201 17 17 17 S
Enterobacter aerogenes Gram−ve, rods 37 CM 7 15 15 15 I

Table 2: Antimicrobial activity of essential oil of curcuma longa leaves against testedmicroorganisms.

It was found in the present study that leaves oil exhibited maximum zone of inhibition against F. miniformes MAY 3629 (22 mm) followed by B. subtilis ATCC 6633 (21 mm) and A. flavus ATCC 204304 (20 mm) after 48 h of incubation, whereas the minimum zone of inhibition was shown by F. oxysporum ATCC 48122 (10 mm) and P. digitatum ATCC 201167 (10 mm) after 48 h of incubation. However, A. niger ATCC16404, S. aureus ATCC 25923, S. typhymurium 14028, E. coli ATCC 25922, A. fumigatus KM 8001, E. aerogenes ATCC 13048, A. oryzae ATCC 10124, F. saloni MAY 3636, A. ficuum ATCC 66876 and gave 18, 17, 17, 16, 16, 15, 15, 15 and 11 mm of zone of inhibition, respectively after 48 h of incubation at respective temperature.

Previous studies showed that C. longa inhibited the growth and activity of some bacteria and fungi. However, the antimicrobial efficacy results strictly dependent on concentration, microbial species, and essential oil fraction and especially on modality of extraction used. The antimicrobial activity of C. longa extract has been attributed to compounds belonging to flavonoids and terpens particularly to borneol, cymene, cuparene, and careen [26].

Gram‑positive bacteria are more sensitive to plant oils and extracts than Gram‑negative bacteria [27]. The varying degrees of sensitivity of the bacterial test organisms may be due to both the intrinsic tolerance of microorganisms and the nature and combinations of phytocompounds present in the essential oil. The bioassay guided fractionation procedure showed that the plant essential oil was rich in terpenes (monoterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes). At present, however, the mode of action of terpenic constituents on microorganisms is not fully understood [28].

In the present study, C. longa leaves oil showed significant antimicrobial activity against all the tested organisms. This is because of the fact that some essential oils contain active components that influence certain metabolic functions of microbial cells. Wilkins and Board, [29] suggested that antimicrobial activity of oils is may be due to impairment of variety of enzymes systems that are involved in the production of energy or synthesis of structural components in the microbial cells. The differences in the sensitivity of food borne pathogens may be due to differences in methods used in study [30].

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Dr. Zia ur Rehman, Senior Scientific Officer, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Complex, Ferozpur Road, Lahore‑54600, Pakistan for GC‑MS analysis and to Dr. Shagufta Naz, Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan for plant identification and authentication.

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