Abstract

Since 1986, the immunization programmes throughout the world have changed their focus to the control or elimination of major childhood diseases, and new vaccines have become available, while yet others are being developed. Challenges included the reduction of measles incidence and elimination of neonatal tetanus by 1995, global eradication of poliomyelitis by the year 2000, and the achievement of 90% immunization coverage for all vaccines by the year 2000. These challenges were reinforced in the declaration on the survival, protection, and development of children, which was endorsed at the world summit for children held at United Nations in September 1990 (World Summit Child 1990). Immunization programmes in different countries now present a broad spectrum of progress. Some countries, particularly the poorest and those affected by war or civil disturbance, continue to have low immunization coverage, while others are close to eliminating certain of the target diseases. This article provides a review of present immunization policies.