Nazila Yousefi, Razieh Ahmadi, H. Tayeba, S. Taheri, F. Mahboudi1 and F. Peiravian1*

Department of Pharmaco-economics and Pharma Management, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
1Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran

*Corresponding Author:
F. Peiravian
Biotechnology Research Center
Pasteur Institute of Iran
Tehran, Iran
E-mail: peiravianfarzad@gmail.com
Date of Accepted 13 May 2020
Date of Revised 29 December 2019
Date of Received 06 July 2019
Indian J Pharm Sci 2020;82(3):483-490  

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms

DOI: 10.36468/pharmaceutical-sciences.671

Abstract

The rise of biosimilar provides an opportunity for healthcare systems worldwide to reduce costs and ensure affordability as well as accessibility of these pivotal products. This is particularly the case in developing countries with restricted budgets to guarantee the availability of safe and cost-effective drugs. Accordingly, this paper aims to study Iranian pharmaceutical industry to show the development of the biosimilar sector, which has emerged in the wake of an intense global interest in the production and marketing of biosimilar. This paper adopted a descriptive cross-sectional method to investigate the Iranian pharmaceutical industry by focusing on biosimilar products over a fifteen-year period (2002-2016). Results obtained showed an upward trend in the domestic production of biosimilars, which has helped secure the first place for the country in the Middle East. In addition, Iran has laid down strict regulatory guidelines for the approval of locally produced biosimilar. The findings also highlight the significant savings generated for the healthcare system thanks to the manufacturing of non-innovator products. These results suggested that observing global regulatory guidelines and providing safe and cost-effective biosimilars are imperative for health care systems in all countries interested in this promising market.

Keywords

Biosimilar pharmaceuticals, affordability, market research, Iran pharmaceutical market, biological medicines

The biopharmaceutical market has expanded dramatically in the past two decades. The substantial clinical utility and commercial success of these products have convinced large pharmaceutical companies to engage in the research and development (R and D) of biological medicines [1]. The biopharmaceutical medicine market has a promising future such that it is projected its value will have risen up to 52 billion dollars just in Europe and the US market by 2020 [2].

In recent years, besides insulin and diagnostic products, many other biotech products in the class of cancer treatment, immune system and AIDS have come onto the market and it is expected that this market will grow further with drugs for cell therapy and gene therapy, with vaccines for cancer prevention joining them in the next few years [3]. In 2014, biologic medicines accounted for 23 % of the global pharmaceutical market and in 2016, 20 out of the top 100 best-selling drugs were biologics. In addition, over 32 % of medicines in the pipeline are biologics [4].

Although these products are highly effective and life-altering therapies, they have a high unit cost and are often used for chronic conditions that require on-going treatment. Accordingly, the production of biosimilars has been exploited as the most effective strategy for health care systems to curb inflation in pharmaceutical prices and ensure better accessibility [5]. As a result, by using biosimilars, the economic savings have been so considerable for both developed and developing countries that they managed to account for 40 % of the biomedicine market in 2015 [4,6]. In the next few years with the patent expiration of original products, the biosimilar market will experience a boom more than ever and pharmaceutical manufactures and regulatory authorities will turn their attention more to this market [7].

The rise of the biosimilar market has also provided an unparalleled opportunity for firms in some developing countries to engage in the production of these products. In the same line, in an attempt to curb costs and ensure more affordability and accessibility of these pivotal products, the Iranian government has devised some policies to support biosimilar manufacturers. Over the years, although the Iranian pharmaceutical industry has developed a knowledge base embedded in organic and synthetic chemistry, its technological capacity is often limited to the formulation of generic medicines [2,8]. Not only have biotech companies improved the level of pharmaceutical knowledge in the Iranian pharmaceutical industry, but also turned Iran into a biomedicine market leader in the Middle East and North Africa; in fact, in terms of market capacity, in Asia, Iran is second only to India [9]. In addition, some Iranian leading biosimilar companies have entered into some other markets like Turkey and Russia.

Analysis of the market revealed that the pharmaceutical market was worth over 4.2 billion US dollars in 2016, 70 % of which was accounted for imported medicines. Biological medicines accounted for 60 % of the value of these imported drugs, but for vaccines as they are directly purchased and provided by the government and their value is not reflected in Iran’s pharmaceutical market. Likewise, the last official published data by Iranian Food and Drug Organization in 2016, confirm that 18 biosimilar products have been launched by domestic firms and 15 are in the R and D pipeline. Accordingly, the investigation of the field analysis showed that the number of domestically produced biosimilars increased to 24 in 2018.

The above-mentioned upward trend in the domestic production of biosimilar medicines has been the motivation to investigate the current situation of the Iranian pharmaceutical industry with respect to biosimilar medicines. This paper tries to describe the Iranian biosimilar market and its brilliant outcomes for the Iranian healthcare system. It is hoped that the results of this study generate baseline data for late comer economies to increase their awareness of the biosimilar industry.

Materials and Methods

This is a descriptive cross-sectional study, which examines the Iranian pharmaceutical market, focusing on biosimilar development over a 15-y period from 2001 to 2016. The data were extracted from various sources such as published reports on the history of biologic industry in Iran, official data and documents released by the ministry of health, as well as the pharmaceutical statistical data sheets published by Iranian Food and Drug Organization. In addition, this study highlights trends in Iran’s biosimilar market in terms of value and volume.

The biosimilar industry in Iran:

The opportunity for marketing of biosimilars in Iran is significantly expanding as approximately 7 % of pharmaceutical companies in Iran are actively involved in the production and development of these products. Iran has a long history in the production of biological medicines. Razi and Pasture institutes, two state-owned companies, have been active in vaccine production for 90 y. In the last few decades, the first technological collaboration in new recombinant products has been between Pasture institute and the international center for biotechnology and genetic engineering of Cuba in building the production facility for recombinant hepatitis vaccine and three other recombinant pharmaceutical proteins, i.e. erythropoietin, interferon alpha, and streptokinase. The production and R and D of high technology products is hailed as a significant breakthrough in the Iranian pharmaceutical industry. Presently, there are 7 pharmaceutical companies, which exclusively produce biosimilars and have been able to extend their production capability to upstream stages of production. In addition, some conventional pharmaceutical companies have taken up biosimilar production in order to expand their generic portfolio. Table 1 shows the number of biosimilars that are produced from upstream stages and the intensity of competition. Apart from Razi and Pasteur, which are well-established pharmaceutical companies with a proven track record, the average age of other biotech companies are 12.8 y (6-90 y). Furthermore, apart from Razi Vaccine and Serum Institute with 133 researchers and 1250 staff on the payroll [9] other biotech companies on average have 500 staff on the payroll within a 55-500 member range and, consequently, can be classified as small or middle-sized companies. Although Razi Vaccine and Serum Institute boasts over 2.5 billion doses of 55 varieties of animal and human biotech products and diagnostic antigens, the number of biotech drugs produced by other biotech drug producers ranges from 1 to 11, averaging out at 4.5 items. With investment in technological capabilities, the number of new-to-market biosimilars had increased over the years as shown in (fig. 1). In addition to market attraction, the industrial policies adopted by the Iranian government played a critical role in the growth of the biosimilar sector. The industry developed largely thanks to the adoption of policies based on financial facilities, registration fast track, and import restriction which, to a large extent, focused on indigenization. As a result, some firms started research and development to build a wide range of production capabilities to penetrate into the local market. So, the market growth in 2001 to 2016 for domestically produced biosimilar medicines was 90.8 % (in terms of value), which shows a dramatic increase in comparison to the 27.4 % growth for local generic drugs in the same period. As shown in (fig. 2), the market for domestic biosimilar medicines had a dramatic growth both in volume and value. This market growth in the biosimilar section is significantly higher than the total pharmaceutical market growth in Iran. As shown in Table 2, in 3 periods of 5, 10 and 15 y, the market growth of domestic biosimilar medicines was higher than that of the overall biosimilar section, overall domestic section, and general pharmaceutical market in Iran.

Company Name Products
Aryogen Etanercept, Factor VII, Trastuzumab, Rituximab, Bevacizumab
Cinnagen INF β-1a, Rituximab, Pegfilgrastim,
Etanercept, Teriparatide , Follitropin alfa,
Adalimumab, Erythropoietin
Faravardehaye notarkib INF gamma
Pooyesh daoo INF alfa-2b, Filgrastim,
Erythropoietin recombinant,
Peg INF alfa, Erythropoietin
Saman Darou rec Factor VIII (recombinant)
Zist Darou Danesh INF β-1b
Aryatinagen Pegfilgrastim, Filgrastim

Table 1: Biosimilar Products Locally Produces In Iran

  5 y 10 y 15 y
Domestic biosimilars 53.4 % 61.4 % 90.8 %
Total market 34.8 % 36.3 % 46.9 %
Total locally manufactured pharmaceutical market 34.4 % 28.4 % 27.4 %
Total Iranian pharmaceutical market 31.4 % 27.5 % 28.2 %

Table 2: The Average Market Growth In Different Sections (2001-2016)

IJPS-launched

Figure 1: New biosimilar molecules launched (2001-2016)
The number of new biosimilar molecules launched onto the Iranian market in a 15-year period (2001-2016)

IJPS-domestically

Figure 2: Market trend of domestically produced biosimilar drugs The upward trend in the market for domestically produced biosimilar drugs, (▬) in volume, (▬) in value (million Rial)

Biosimilars and access:

In terms of molecular diagnosis, drug delivery systems, biotech knowledge can go a long way toward ensuring health for people, in particular in developing countries. One of its remarkable achievements has been the production of recombinant protein drugs and vaccines [10]. However, despite its great benefits, only a few countries can exploit this technology; the US is the market leader in the field of biotech products and has produced many recombinant drugs, vaccines, and coagulation factors exploiting this technology.

Prior to applying for a patent for human genome mapping by the National Institute of Health in 2001, which led to some amendments in patent laws, 5000 patents about DNA had been registered in the Patent Office. This patenting adversely affected scientists’ and academia’s research activities regarding patented drugs and processes. Although in the following years some changes were made to the patenting laws, the tragedy of anticommons, a legacy of the patenting system before any changes were made to the laws, precluded the possibility of doing many researches in this field. In addition to this, today, biotech drug producers are faced with many challenges resulting from the patenting of microorganisms and the patenting of production processes.

As huge financial resources are allocated for the research and development of these products, their intellectual property rights, which patenting laws try to protect, prove a huge challenge and despite the importance of encouraging innovation and protecting the investments made in this field, many experts point to the adverse effects patenting laws can have on people’s health, specifically in low- and middle-income countries.

Once new drug patents expire, rivals try to carve out a niche in the market and the resulting competitive atmosphere causes a rapid decline in their prices. For example, the biosimilar filgrastim, which was introduced onto the American market in 2015 by Sandoz in the wake of the expiration of the neupogen patent, sold 16 % cheaper. It explains why parent companies spare no effort to prevent the introduction of biosimilar drugs and extend the term of the patent of their products. There are various perspectives about the effect of patent protection on innovation. Since accessing innovator companies’ propriety data is not possible under patent protection, the developer of biosimilars has to retrieve the reference product, purify it, and reverse engineer a process to produce a copy, which requires the establishment from scratch of a new manufacturing process. Although patent protection can encourage innovation, it can also hamper the development and promotion of science by preventing scientists from researching on patented products. Besides, it can lead to the underutilization of patented drugs on the market.

Leading companies often try to extend the patent period of their products by changing their formulation and production methods and by applying minor improvement long after their patents have been expired. Despite all these measures, some countries like India kept the opportunity for their pharmaceutical companies to diversify into this field by wisely modifying patent laws after joining the World Trade Organization [11]. On the other hand, some other countries like Iran have been able to domestically produce and use these patented products due to delay in joining the World Trade Organization. As Iran is yet to join the World Trade Organization and, consequently, is not legally bound to respect intellectual property rights as stipulated in international treaties, the production of patented drugs even prior to their patent expiration is possible [12].

Apart from patent laws, the production of recombinant drugs in developing countries has to overcome other obstacles like heavy investments for upstream and downstream production as well as the necessity to acquire, high-level knowledge about cellular biology, genetic engineering, biochemistry, process engineering, formulation, purification, fermentation. In addition, the absence of regulatory standard guidelines in these countries has hampered the introduction of these drugs onto the market because developing countries generally wait for the development of these regulatory guidelines by developed countries that are often tardy in drawing up these guidelines for reasons like political-economic considerations or the technical complications involved in the production of these drugs [11]. Accordingly, the strong regulatory body in Iran whose biological department was approved as a fully functional national regulatory body in 2009, helps local biosimilar manufacturers make their products easily accessible. The last version of the Iranian registration regulation for biosimilar products, originally published 20 y ago and revised several times since then. According to Iran registration regulatory for biosimilar products, and according to Doha Ministerial Conference in November 2001, protection of patents does not and should not prevent countries from taking measures to protect public health. So, one of the features of the regulatory environment in Iran for domestic manufacturers is limited international patent protection, allowing pharmaceutical firms to produce patented as well as offpatent products. The corollary of this policy is reducing the time lag between the patent expiration of original drugs and the introduction of biosimilar products onto the local market, as shown in Table 3. As the access to patent products in the local market is facilitated, many patients use the advantage of affordable products and a great life year achieved in our middle-income country.

Product name Patent expiration year Launched onto the Iranian market Number of years prior to patent expiration
Adalilumab 40 mg/0.8 ml inj. 2016 2016 0
Erythropoietin 10000 U/ml 2014 2008 6
Erythropoietin 4000 IU/0.5 ml 2014 2009 5
Erythropoietin 4000 U/ml 2014 2007 7
Erythropoietin
recombinant 2000 IU/ml		 2014 2006 8
Etanercept 25 mg/0.5ml 2012 2013 -1
Etanercept 50 mg/ml 2012 2014 -2
Factor VII 1.2 mg 2011 2014 -3
Factor VIII (recombinant) 2012 2015 -3
Filgrastim 300 mg/0.5 ml 2013 2003 10
Follitropin a 75 IU 2017 2014 3
INF alfa-2b 3 mIU 2002 2000 2
β-1a 30 mg 2013 2006 7
β-1a 44 mg/0.5 ml 2013 2009 4
β-1b 9.6 million U 2017 2013 4
INF γ 100 mg 2008 2008 0
Peg INF α 180 mg/0.5ml 2017 2007 10
Pegfilgrastim 6 mg/0.6 ml 2015 2014 1
Rituximab 100 mg/10 ml 2013 2011 2
Rituximab 500 mg/50 ml 2013 2011 2
Teriparatide 750 mg/3ml 2017 2014 3
Trastuzumab 150 mg 2015 2016 -1

Table 3: Time Lag Between Patent Expiration Of The Original Brand And The Launch Of The Biosimilar Molecule Onto The Domestic Market

Results and Discussion

Although biologics have offered patients and health systems invaluable treatment alternatives, they are unaffordable in many low-middle income countries because they work out much more expensive than their chemical counterparts so much that on average the cost of treatment with biotech drugs is 22 times more [13]. Therefore, in the biotech drug market, the production of generic biosimilar drugs has been exploited as the most effective strategy to curb inflation in drug prices and ensure better accessibility. Producing generic biomedicines benefits not only patients due to better accessibility but also manufacturers in terms of financial profits accruing to them. Although the price of a bio-generic medicine is 20-30 % lower than that of innovator product, even at this price range, some generic drugs prove more profitable than patented drugs because the producers do not have to invest heavily in R and D or in marketing. Moreover, like generic drugs, biosimilar medicines have helped healthcare systems to save huge sums [14].

As a case in point, it is estimated that these drugs, in particular monoclonal antibodies, will have helped save 11.8 to 33.4 billion Euros in Europe from 2007 to 2020. The money saved only from erythropoietin has amounted to 9.4 to 11.2 billion Euros in this time period [15]. Although the complications involved in the production process and the control of biotech drugs and the lack of transparency in their registration have posed some problems for the introduction of biosimilar drugs onto the market, their economic profits have been so considerable that they managed to account for 40 % of the biotech drug market in 2015 [4]. In addition to increasing demand in new treatments by biotech medicines, their knowledge-based nature, which means that huge resources are diverted to research and development and marketing, helps them bring about more economic profits.

In Iran, domestically produced biosimilar medicines have had a positive effect on patients’ out-of-pocket expenses and helped the healthcare system to decrease the costs. In recent years, domestically produced drugs have replaced their imported counterparts, making up about half the drug market in both value and volume, as shown in fig. 3. Figs. 4A and B demonstrate the market share of different treatment classes in terms of value and volume, which also shows which kind of patients have taken more advantage of domestic biosimilar medicines. It is worth noting that antineoplastic agents constituted about 54 % of the market in terms of value in 2016 and domestic biosimilar medicines made treatments more affordable in these life-threatening diseases. Similarly, fig. 4B shows the great volume share of immunomodulator medicines that can be used in cancer patients. The next group of patients who have saved the most by using these domestic products are patients who need antihemorrhagic agents, gonadotropins and other ovulation stimulants, immunosuppressant, and immunomodulating agents. In the pharmaceutical industry, the government has taken forward the import limitation strategy through the substitution of biosimilars for originator biologics. Under strong policy of import substitution, selling of imported biologics would be prevented after domestic production. Therefore, to calculate the saving generated by domestically produced biosimilars in the last year of this study, we have worked out the difference between the average price of imported drugs, mostly branded medicines, and the average price of the domestically produced biosimilar. Then, as shown in Table 4, the sum total was calculated by considering the whole consumption of each medicine in the mentioned year.

Biosimilar product Average price of domestic biosimilars ($) Average price of Imported products ($) Difference The volume of biosimilar product in the market Cost saving ($)
Adalimumab 40 mg/0.8 ml inj. 240.4 297.1 56.7 14510 823,225
Erythropoietin 10000 IU 14.7 37.9 23.3 407046 9,479,588
Erythropoietin 2000 U/ml syringe 14.9 12.5 -2.36 105000 -247,902
Erythropoietin recombinant hu 2000 IU/vial 3 4 1 590950 595,282
Erythropoietin recombinant hu 4000 IU/vial 5.9 9 3.2 2912970 9,284,020
Etanercept 25 mg inj. 62.1 117 54.8 177550 9,736,575
Etanercept 50 mg inj. 125 194.8 69.8 78090 5,452,302
Antihemophilic factor VIII (recombinant) 500 U vial 3 91.8 88.7 12390 1,099,264
Filgrastim (GCSF) 300 mg/0.5 ml inj. 19.4 31.8 12.4 453558 5,605,230
Pegfilgrastim 6 mg/0.6 ml injection 164.1 785.7 621.6 21490 13,358,480
Pegfilgrastim injection, parenteral 10 mg/1 ml 140 670.2 530.2 99250 52,625,107
Interferon α-2b 3 mega vial 2.4 28.4 26.1 54180 1,413,349
Interferon α-2b 5 mega vial 3.5 42.6 39 34010 1,327,693
Interferon β-1a 30 mg vial 43.1 160.6 117.6 804460 94,588,583
Interferon β-1a 44 mg/0.5ml syringe 31.4 83.7 52.4 707500 37,069,390
Interferon β-1b 8 mIU vial 21 42.7 21.6 204500 4,420,801
Interferon β-1a injection parenteral 1.2e+007 IU/0.5ml 47.8 64 16.2 542750 8,773,506
Interferon β-1b 9.6 million U inj. 19.9 38.9 19 217140 4,123,045
Interferon γ 100 mg 17.2 51.7 34.4 29000 998,055
Peginterferon α-2a 180 mg/0.5 ml syringe 19.9 148.3 128.4 217140 27,877,888
Peginterferone α 180 mg/0.5 ml+ribavirin 200 mg 53.2 152.9 99.7 20140 2,007,200
Rituximab 100 mg/10 ml vial 141.2 284.8 143.6 56170 8,064,994
Rituximab 500 mg/50 ml vial 672 1,308.20 636.2 28380 18,056,238
Teriparatide 750 mg/3 ml vial 170.7 574.5 403.8 58740 23,719,211
Trastuzumab 150 mg vial 441.5 536.7 95.3 30220 2,878,679
Trastuzumab 440 mg vial 1,149.70 1,396.90 247.2 19970 4,936,360
Total Saving         348,066,164

Table 4: The Saving Generated By Domestically Produced Biosimilars

IJPS-Percent

Figure 3: Percent market share of domestic and imported biosimilars (2001-2016)
Percent market share of domestic biosimilars and imported innovator brands in Iran (2001-2016). image Domestic product share (volume), image imported product share (volume), image domestic product share (value), (▬) imported product share (value)

IJPS-different

Figure 4: Share of different treatment classes in the domestic biosimilar market in 2016
Market share by A. value and B. volume of different treatment classes in domestically produced biosimilars in 2016

Since all data such as biologic drug prices and market volume were extracted from the last officially published statistics by Iran’s FDA in 2016, The exchange rate used for this estimation was the mean exchange rate over the year 2016 (USD 1= IRR 31 364). The total amount of saving in healthcare budget in 2016, the last year of data availability, was estimated at about USD 348 066 164. However, a survey on the price of biologics in European countries illustrated that the prices in Iran is lower than global prices. It could be due to several reasons including the lower income in Iran than Europe and thusly the lower willingness to pay threshold in cost-effectiveness studies, which leads the prices to be lower. In addition, it might be due to the bargaining power of Iran’s Ministry of Health because of the low price of internally produced biosimilars. Indeed, assuming the global price for biologics to be sold in Iran, the total amount of saving in healthcare budget in 2017 would be estimated up to 940 million USD. Furthermore, if this saved amount were considered for several years since they entered into the local market, the total saving would be dramatically higher.

Biosimilars could have a major impact on the affordability of biopharmaceuticals in all markets, particularly in low-resource countries. The annual saving of these products, which was around USD 350 million in 2016, is significant in Iran’s health system. Similarly, it has been reported that newly established biosimilar medicines have already generated around 1.4 billion Euros saving per year for European healthcare systems. Obviously, this saving might be used for the next generation of original medicines [16] and to improve patients’ access to innovative medicines. Accordingly, it is imperative that late-coming economies be able to provide safe and cost-effective drugs for its huge noninsured and poor population. In India, over 50 different brands of biosimilar products have been approved for more than 20 different biopharmaceutical companies and some of these molecules have completed a decade of market presence with several thousand doses already administered [7]. The South Korean government is actively promoting the biosimilar industry in order to make South Korea a market leader in this field. The government is providing both financial and institutional support and is aiming to command a 22 % share of the global market by 2020 [15,17].

In Latin America, many governments have developed regulatory pathways for biosimilars to increase access while enacting sufficient quality standards to ensure safety and efficacy. Argentina, as a major producer of biosimilar in the Latin American region, has developed supportive policies which allow the substitution of biosimilars for branded biologics [6]. Technological capabilities of Iran’s biosimilar industry have turned Iran into a biomedicine market leader in the Middle East and North Africa; in fact, in terms of market capacity, in Asia, Iran is second only to India [9]. Analysis of the Iranian market shows that some private companies like the Cinnagen group, which are involved in the research and development of biosimilars, have moved toward export markets such as the Middle East, Russia and South Africa. In addition, they have succeeded in licensing out technology to some countries like Turkey, strongly suggesting the attainment of a certain level of advanced biosimilar capabilities. Availability of biosimilar products offers major price advantages and cost saving for the country as price of non-innovator products are about 30 to 40 percent lower than that of the originator products. Assuming that evolving regulatory pathways can succeed in ensuring requisite comparability of the safety and efficacy of molecules of varying degrees of complexity, the discounts afforded to these biosimilar therapies should offer interesting cost-effective alternatives for payers and consumers to consider in order to address their health care needs.

References