N. Tandon*, Raakhi Gupta1 and Neelima Gupta2

Lovely Professional University, School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Phagwara-144411, India
1 Department of Chemistry, IIS University, Jaipur, India
2 Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India

*Corresponding Author:
N. Tandon
Lovely Professional University, School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Phagwara-144411, India
E-mail: tandonnitin12004@gmail.com
Date of Submission 25 February 2019
Date of Revision 21 September 2019
Date of Acceptance 04 December 2019
Indian J Pharm Sci 2020;82(1):114-122  

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DOI: 10.36468/pharmaceutical-sciences.628

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the possible drug-drug interactions between ceftiofur sodium and famotidine on co-administration. These studies were carried out at normal as well as elevated temperature at pH corresponding to blood pH of 7.4. Spectrophotometric method was used to study the dissolution of each drug individually and in the presence of the other drug. Change in the rate of dissolution of ceftiofur sodium in the presence of cimetidine as compared to the rate of dissolution in the absence of cimetidine supported the possible interactions between the two drugs.

Keywords

H2-receptor antagonist, famotidine, absorbance, Beer-Lambert Law

Ceftiofur (figure 1A) is a 3rd generation cephalosporin antibiotic used as a veterinary medicine was marketed as a sterile powder containing sodium salt under the brand name Naxcel® by Upjohn in 1988, which was delivered by intramuscular injection for the treatment of respiratory disease in beef cattle[1]. Ceftiofur contains oxyiminoaminothiazolyl group as the 7-β-aminoacyl substituents of the 7-aminocephalosporin nucleus. This substitution is also found in ceftriaxone, cefpodoxime, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftizoxime and the monobactam, aztreonam. Ceftiofur contains the furoic acid thioester as one of the moieties, which is unique for 3rd generation cephalosporins. Ceftiofur showed high in vitro activity against M. haemolytica, P. multocida, A. somnus, which are associated with respiratory diseases. It also shows in vitro activity against E. coli, Salmonella and early mortality associated with E. coli. In addition, it is used for treating foot rot and metritis in cattle. It has poor or no activity against species of Enterococcus and Pseudomonas species and thus is considered inactive against these organisms. Ceftiofur is not approved for treatment of enteric disease and has poor oral absorption properties. Therefore it has no oral formulation[2].

ijpsonline-famotidine

Figure 1: Structures of (A) ceftiofur, (B) famotidine

Famotidine (figure 1B) is a third generation H2-receptor antagonists that contains a thiazole ring. It is marketed under the trade name Pepcid and is approximately nine times more potent than cimetidine in suppressing gastric acid secretion. It is a competitive inhibitor of histamine H2-receptor and inhibits basal and nocturnal gastric secretion as well as secretion stimulated by food and pentagastrin. It is also used for short term treatment of duodenal ulcer and treatment of pathologic hypersecretory conditions like Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. It has been reported that famotidine has no significant interactions with other drugs[3].

Cephalosporins are well known to cause gastrointestinal complications due to which the use of acid suppressant drugs along with the cephalosporins are normally prescribed[4]. H2-receptor antagonists are normally used to suppress the acid secretion associated with parietal cell and therefore are prescribed for various ulcer[5,6] and gastro esophageal diseases[7]. There is a possibility that the simultaneous administration of cephalosporin and H2-receptor antagonist like famotidine can effect each other’s bioavailability due to interactions. Number of reports are available in literature of interaction of cephalosporins with H2-receptor antagonist[8-19]. In continuation our focus to explore the possibility of interaction of ceftiofur sodium in the presence of cimetidine[20], the present study reports the interaction of ceftiofur sodium and famotidine at a pH 7.4 similar to that of the blood. Further, the studies were carried out at normal and elevated temperature.

Material and Methods

All chemicals used were of analytical grade. Reference standards of ceftiofur sodium and famotidine were received gratis from Macleods Pharmaceuticals, Mumbai. Powder formulation of ceftiofur sodium (Naxcel, 250 g, Pfizer Inc.) and famotidine tablets (Pepcid, 40 mg, Merck) were obtained from local market. The water was double-distilled for making the required sample solutions and the absorbance of samples were measured by using UV spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV-1800 ENG 240Vl).

Preparation of phosphate buffer of (pH 7.4):

Disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4.12H2O; 17.90 g) was dissolved in double-distilled water (500 ml) in a volumetric flask. In another volumetric flask, solution of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4; 6.80 g) was prepared using double-distilled water (100 ml). To prepare 1000 ml of buffer of pH 7.4, 31.4 ml of disodium hydrogen phosphate solution and 5.7 ml of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution were mixed in a volumetric flask and the total volume was made 1000 ml by adding double-distilled water. A few drops of disodium hydrogen phosphate solution were used to set the final pH to desired level.

Preparation of stock and working solutions:

Famotidine (0.033 g, 0.1 mmol) and ceftiofur sodium (0.055 g, 0.1 mmol) were individually dissolved in double-distilled water and the volumes were made to 100 ml in a volumetric flask to get the final concentration of 1 mM for each stock solution. These stock solutions were further used to prepare the working solutions of different known concentrations from 0.01 mM to 0.2 mM for each drug. To achieve a concentration of 0.01 mM, 1 ml of the stock solution of each drug was added separately to 99 ml of double-distilled water in 100 ml volumetric flasks. In the same way, solutions of concentrations from 0.02-0.2 mM for each drug were made by taking 2 to 20 ml of stock solutions of each drug separately and adding 99 ml double-distilled water in 100 ml volumetric flasks.

Measurement of λmax for ceftiofur sodium and famotidine:

The λmax of famotidine and ceftiofur sodium reference standard were measured at 0.001 mM. This concentration was achieved by diluting 1 ml of stock solution of each drug separately to 1000 ml with double-distilled water in a 1 l volumetric flask.

Working concentration range for ceftiofur sodium and famotidine:

To find out the concentration range for the proposed study, following of Beer-Lambert law was determined and validated. Working standards of famotidine and ceftiofur sodium in concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.2 mM were prepared in 7.4 phosphate buffer solution.

The absorption maxima for each of these solutions were scanned in the UV region against the blank. The ceftiofur sodium samples were scanned in the region of absorption maxima and at the maxima of famotidine against reagent blank. In the same way, famotidine samples were scanned at its own absorption maxima and at the absorption maxima of the ceftiofur. The graphs for concentration against absorption maxima were plotted, which resulted in straight lines to confirm linearity of Beer-Lambert law. These values were further used to calculate ε values from the following Eqn., ε = A/(b.C), where, A represented the absorbance at a certain wave length, ε the molar absorptivity, b the path length of cell and C the concentration of the solution.

Dissolution studies of ceftiofur sodium and famotidine:

Dissolution studies were carried out for both the drugs separately at 37° and 60°. For this, famotidine (40 mg) and ceftiofur sodium (250 mg in 5 ml of doubledistilled water) were added in 1 l buffer solution and each solution was maintained at specified temperature. Samples were withdrawn from both the solution after each 15 min for 4 h to calculate the drug content as per the following equation. In each case, the volume of the solution was maintained 1 l with the use of buffer solution throughout the experiment. % drug dissolved = (C/x)×100, where, C is the concentration of the solution obtained from Beer-Lambert law, x = amount of the drug dissolved.

Interaction studies between ceftiofur sodium and famotidine:

Drug-drug interactions were studied at 37° and 60°. For this, ceftiofur sodium (250 mg in 5 ml of double-distilled water) was added to 1 l of buffer solution at zero time and cimetidine (300 mg) was added to the solution after 15 min. Samples were taken after regular intervals of 15 min and were assayed for the concentration of the both the drugs according to the following Eqns., Ca = εb’.A293–εb .A260/εa.εb’-εa’.εb; Cb = εa’.A293-εa. A260/εa’.εb.-εa.εb’, where Ca is the concentration of ceftiofur sodium, Cb is the concentration of famotidine, εa and εb are the molar absorptivities of ceftiofur sodium and famotidine at 293 nm, εa’ and εb’ are the molar absorptivities of ceftiofur sodium and famotidine at 260 nm. Ceftiofur sodium samples were scanned in the region of its absorption maxima and at the absorption maxima of famotidine against region blank. In the same way, famotidine samples were scanned at its own absorption maxima and at the absorption maxima of the ceftiofur sodium.

Results and Discussion

Ceftiofur sodium and famotidine (0.0001 mmol) was scanned in the region of 150-400 nm individually to get λmax of ceftiofur sodium at 293 nm and famotidine at 260 nm and 281 nm. For the purpose of establishment of Beer-Lambert law, the working standard solution of ceftiofur sodium and famotidine were subjected to spectrophotometric analysis. The data is presented for both ceftiofur sodium and famotidine in Table 1. The ε values for each drug were calculated as in Tables 2 and 3. These values were further used for dissolution and drug interaction studies.

Table 1: UV Absorption Studies for Ceftiofur Sodium and Famotidine

Stock (ml) Buffer (ml) Conc. (mmol) Absorbance at λmax
293 nm 260 nm 281 nm
Ceftiofur sodium          
1 99 0.01 0.230 0.143 0.200
2 98 0.02 0.481 0.323 0.444
3 97 0.03 0.803 0.590 0.710
4 96 0.04 1.012 0.700 0.880
5 95 0.05 1.441 0.800 1.090
6 94 0.06 1.460 0.832 1.122
7 93 0.07 1.660 1.020 1.400
8 92 0.08 1.844 1.161 1.55
9 91 0.09 1.681 1.200 1.410
10 90 0.10 1.955 1.411 1.305
11 89 0.11 2.391 1.511 1.580
12 88 0.12 2.631 1.780 2.25
13 87 0.13 2.840 1.144 2.400
14 86 0.14 3.267 2.451 2.773
15 85 0.15 3.462 2.140 2.950
16 84 0.16 3.701 2.311 3.151
17 83 0.17 3.622 2.654 3.080
18 82 0.18 3.819 2.980 3.545
19 81 0.19 4.051 2.443 3.783
20 80 0.20 4.150 3.060 3.802
Famotidine          
1 99 0.01 0.151 0.247 0.251
2 98 0.02 0.261 0.465 0.261
3 97 0.03 0.373 0.696 0.406
4 96 0.04 0.466 0.864 0.508
5 95 0.05 0.619 1.122 0.674
6 94 0.06 0.698 1.261 0.761
7 93 0.07 0.806 1.418 0.881
8 92 0.08 0.919 1.602 0.998
9 91 0.09 1.043 1.74 1.139
10 90 0.10 1.148 1.909 1.252
11 89 0.11 1.277 1.949 1.394
12 88 0.12 1.375 2.134 1.505
13 87 0.13 1.443 2.050 1.576
14 86 0.14 1.578 2.110 1.723
15 85 0.15 1.673 2.155 1.821
16 84 0.16 1.754 2.153 1.921
17 83 0.17 1.866 2.260 2.009
18 82 0.18 2.017 2.368 2.119
19 81 0.19 0.151 0.247 0.251
20 80 0.20 0.261 0.465 0.261

Table 2: ε Value of Famotidine

Concentration (M) Absorbance at λmax ε= absorbance/(conc x path length)
293 nma 260 nmb 281 nmb ε 293 ε 260 ε 281
0.00001 0.151 0.247 0.251 15100.00 24700.00 25100.00
0.00002 0.261 0.465 0.261 13050.00 23250.00 13050.00
0.00003 0.373 0.696 0.406 12433.33 23200.00 13533.33
0.00004 0.466 0.864 0.508 11650.00 21600.00 12700.00
0.00005 0.619 1.122 0.674 12380.00 22440.00 13480.00
0.00006 0.698 1.261 0.761 11633.33 21016.67 12683.33
0.00007 0.806 1.418 0.881 11514.29 20257.14 12585.71
0.00008 0.919 1.602 0.998 11487.5 20025.00 12475.00
0.00009 1.043 1.74 1.139 11588.89 19333.33 12655.56
0.0001 1.148 1.909 1.252 11480.00 19090.00 12520.00
0.00011 1.277 1.949 1.394 11609.09 17718.18 12672.73
0.00012 1.375 2.134 1.505 11458.33 17783.33 12541.67
0.00013 1.443 2.050 1.576 11100.00 - 12123.08
0.00014 1.578 2.110 1.723 11271.43 - 12307.14
0.00015 1.673 2.155 1.821 11153.33 - 12140.00
0.00016 1.754 2.153 1.921 10962.50 - 12006.25
0.00017 1.866 2.260 2.009 10976.47 - 11817.65
0.00018 2.017 2.368 2.119 11205.56 - 11772.22
0.00019 2.016 2.203 2.119 10610.53 - 11152.63
0.0002 2.118 2.231 2.296 10590.00 - 11480.00
      Summation 230804.00 214912.00 250696.00
      Mean 11540 21491 12534

Table 3: ε Value of Ceftiofur Sodium

Conc. (M) Absorbance at λmax ε=absorbance/(conc X path length)
293 nma 260 nmb 281 nmb 293 nm 260 nm 281 nm
0.00001 0.230 0.143 0.200 23000 14300 20000
0.00002 0.481 0.323 0.444 24050 16150 22200
0.00003 0.803 0.590 0.710 26766 19666 23666
0.00004 1.012 0.700 0.880 25300 17500 22000
0.00005 1.441 0.800 1.090 28820 16000 21800
0.00006 1.460 0.832 1.122 24333 13866 18700
0.00007 1.660 1.020 1.400 23714 14571 20000
0.00008 1.844 1.161 1.55 23050 14512 19375
0.00009 1.681 1.200 1.410 18677 13333 15666
0.0001 1.955 1.411 1.305 19550 14110 13050
0.00011 2.391 1.511 1.580 21736 13736 14363
0.00012 2.631 1.780 2.25 21925 14833 18750
0.00013 2.840 1.144 2.400 21846 8800 18461
0.00014 3.267 2.451 2.773 23335 17507 19807
0.00015 3.462 2.140 2.950 23080 14266 19666
0.00016 3.701 2.311 3.151 23131 14443 19693
0.00017 3.622 2.654 3.080 21305 15611 18117
0.00018 3.819 2.980 3.545 21216 16555 19694
0.00019 4.051 2.443 3.783 21321 12857 19910
0.0002 4.150 3.060 3.802 20750 15300 19010
      Summation 456910 297923 383933
      Mean 22845 14896 19196

The dissolution studies for ceftiofur sodium and famotidine are summarized in Tables 4-6. It was clear from the dissolution study of famotidine at both the wavelengths that concentration of the drug at 281 nm reached 100 % after 120 min only and therefore the results after this time were not valuable. On the other hand, the dissolution study could be done for longer duration at 260 nm where the drug showed maximum availability of 99 % after 240 min. Therefore 260 nm was the chosen wavelength for the study of interaction of this drug with ceftiofur sodium. Interaction studies of ceftiofur sodium and famotidine are presented in Tables 7 and 8.

Table 4: Rate of Dissolution of Ceftiofur Sodium at λ 293 nm

Time (min) Absorbance Concentration (M) % of drug dissolved
At 37°      
15 0.9511 4.1632×10-5 90.9
30 0.9671 4.2333×10-5 92.43
45 0.9678 4.2365×10-5 92.5
60 0.9649 4.2237×10-5 92.22
75 0.9590 4.1980×10-5 91.66
90 0.9540 4.1760×10-5 91.18
105 0.9380 4.1060×10-5 89.65
120 0.9321 4.0803×10-5 89.09
135 0.9053 3.9626×10-5 86.52
150 0.9038 3.9562×10-5 86.38
165 0.8966 3.9246×10-5 85.69
180 0.8813 3.8577×10-5 84.23
195 0.8763 3.8358×10-5 83.75
210 0.8668 3.7941×10-5 82.84
225 0.8588 3.7593×10-5 82.08
240 0.8551 3.7432×10-5 81.73
At 60°      
15 0.9880 4.3249×10-5 94.43
30 0.9837 4.3061×10-5 94.02
45 0.9707 4.2489×10-5 92.77
60 0.9511 4.1632×10-5 90.9
75 0.9104 3.9851×10-5 87.01
90 0.8690 3.8037×10-5 83.05
105 0.8675 3.7973×10-5 82.91
120 0.8617 3.7721×10-5 82.36
135 0.8603 3.7657×10-5 82.22
150 0.8595 3.7625×10-5 82.15
165 0.8588 3.7593×10-5 82.08
180 0.8581 3.7561×10-5 82.01
195 0.8443 3.6956×10-5 80.69
210 0.8348 3.6544×10-5 79.79
225 0.8304 3.6351×10-5 79.37
240 0.8283 3.6255×10-5 79.16

Table 5: Rate of Dissolution of Famotidine at λ 260 nm

Time
(min)		 Absorbance Concentration
(M)		 % of drug dissolved
At 37°
15 0.2103 9.7854×10-6 82.23
30 0.2135 9.9341×10-6 83.48
45 0.2144 9.9782×10-6 83.85
60 0.2147 9.9924×10-6 83.97
75 0.2162 1.0059×10-5 84.53
90 0.2165 1.0075×10-5 84.66
105 0.2219 1.0324×10-5 86.76
120 0.2217 1.0315×10-5 86.68
135 0.2258 1.0508×10-5 88.3
150 0.2266 1.0546×10-5 88.62
165 0.2288 1.0647×10-5 89.47
180 0.2366 1.1009×10-5 92.51
195 0.2430 1.1307×10-5 95.02
210 0.2431 1.1312×10-5 95.06
225 0.2434 1.1326×10-5 95.18
240 0.2455 1.1423×10-5 95.99
At 60°
15 0.2126 9.8937×10-6 83.14
30 0.2131 9.9151×10-6 83.32
45 0.2151 1.0011×10-5 84.12
60 0.2163 1.0063×10-5 84.56
75 0.2174 1.0116×10-5 85.01
90 0.2176 1.0126×10-5 85.09
105 0.2194 1.0208×10-5 85.78
120 0.2270 1.0562×10-5 88.76
135 0.2276 1.0589×10-5 88.98
150 0.2308 1.0737×10-5 90.23
165 0.2310 1.0750×10-5 90.34
180 0.2381 1.1079×10-5 93.10
195 0.2393 1.1136×10-5 93.58
210 0.2416 1.1242×10-5 94.47
225 0.2444 1.1374×10-5 95.58
240 0.2465 1.1470×10-5 96.39

Table 6: Rate of Dissolution of Famotidine at λ 281 nm

Time (min.) Absorbance Concentration (M) % of drug dissolved
At 37°
15 0.1225 9.7735×10-6 82.13
30 0.1261 1.0063×10-5 84.56
45 0.1337 1.0668×10-5 89.65
60 0.1344 1.0721×10-5 90.09
75 0.1379 1.1000×10-5 92.44
90 0.1395 1.1134×10-5 93.56
105 0.1427 1.1382×10-5 95.65
120 0.1438 1.1475×10-5 96.43
135 0.1475 1.1768×10-5 98.89
150 0.1482 1.1821×10-5 99.34
165 0.1490 1.1885×10-5 99.87
180 0.1492 1.1901×10-5 100.01
195 0.1490 1.1887×10-5 99.89
210 0.1491 1.1899×10-5 99.99
225 0.1493 1.1908×10-5 100.07
240 0.1491 1.1899×10-5 99.99
At 60°
15 0.1374 1.0962×10-5 92.12
30 0.1398 1.1157×10-5 93.76
45 0.1415 1.1290×10-5 94.87
60 0.1452 1.1583×10-5 97.34
75 0.1463 1.1675×10-5 98.11
90 0.1470 1.1726×10-5 98.54
105 0.1477 1.1785×10-5 99.03
120 0.1487 1.1861×10-5 99.67
135 0.1494 1.1918×10-5 100.15
150 0.1496 1.1935×10-5 100.29
165 0.1491 1.1899×10-5 99.99
180 0.1497 1.1942×10-5 100.35
195 0.1497 1.1946×10-5 100.39
210 0.1507 1.2020×10-5 101.01
225 0.1500 1.1967×10-5 100.56
240 0.1503 1.1993×10-5 100.78

Table 7: Ceftiofur Sodium and Famotidine Interactions at 260 nm at 37°

Time (min) A293 A260 Caa Cbb % of ceftiofur sodium % of famotidine
0 1.0598 0.7484 4.4318 ×10-5 4.1048×10-6 96.68 34.64
15 1.1236 0.8800 4.3855 ×10-5 1.055 ×10-5 95.67 89.03
30 1.0812 0.8688 4.1403 ×10-5 1.1729×10-5 90.32 98.98
45 1.0858 0.8804 4.1293 ×10-5 1.2343×10-5 90.08 104.16
60 1.0703 0.8724 4.0536 ×10-5 1.2497×10-5 88.43 105.46
75 1.0474 0.8567 3.9565 ×10-5 1.244 ×10-5 86.31 104.98
90 1.0199 0.8391 3.8350 ×10-5 1.2465×10-5 83.66 105.19
105 0.9900 0.8201 3.7020 ×10-5 1.2498×10-5 80.76 105.47
120 0.9415 0.7892 3.4875 ×10-5 1.2548×10-5 76.08 105.89
135 0.8799 0.7497 3.2152 ×10-5 1.2599×10-5 70.14 106.32
150 0.8402 0.7227 3.0452 ×10-5 1.2522×10-5 66.43 105.67
165 0.8376 0.7224 3.0291 ×10-5 1.2618×10-5 66.08 106.48
180 0.8432 0.7254 3.0557 ×10-5 1.2574×10-5 66.66 106.11
195 0.8067 0.7002 2.9008 ×10-5 1.2477×10-5 63.28 105.29
210 0.7856 0.6893 2.7985 ×10-5 1.2678×10-5 61.05 106.99
225 0.7908 0.6911 2.8270 ×10-5 1.2561×10-5 61.67 106.00
240 0.7846 0.6898 2.7903 ×10-5 1.2755×10-5 60.87 107.64

Table 8: Ceftiofur Sodium and Famotidine Interactions at 260 nm at 60°

Time (min) A293 A260 Caa Cbb % of ceftiofur sodium % of famotidine
0 1.3186 0.9520 5.4389×10-5 6.5969×10-6 118.65 55.67
15 1.1814 0.9232 4.6188×10-5 1.0942×10-5 100.76 92.34
30 1.1330 0.9019 4.3695×10-5 1.1679×10-5 95.32 98.56
45 1.1322 0.9061 4.3488×10-5 1.2019×10-5 94.87 101.43
60 1.0659 0.8632 4.0573×10-5 1.2046×10-5 88.51 101.65
75 1.0147 0.8365 3.8093×10-5 1.2520×10-5 83.1 105.65
90 0.9879 0.8249 3.6704×10-5 1.2943×10-5 80.07 109.22
105 0.9494 0.7994 3.5036×10-5 1.2914×10-5 76.43 108.98
120 0.8920 0.7633 3.2478×10-5 1.3007×10-5 70.85 109.76
135 0.8973 0.7672 3.2693×10-5 1.3036×10-5 71.32 110.01
150 0.8912 0.7642 3.2386×10-5 1.3112×10-5 70.65 110.65
165 0.8510 0.7373 3.0653×10-5 1.3062×10-5 66.87 110.23
180 0.7802 0.6910 2.7564×10-5 1.3046×10-5 60.13 110.09
195 0.7475 0.6711 2.6078×10-5 1.3151×10-5 56.89 110.98
210 0.6984 0.6395 2.3915×10-5 1.3181×10-5 52.17 111.23
225 0.6849 0.6303 2.3337×10-5 1.3154×10-5 50.91 111
240 0.6460 0.6116 2.1389×10-5 1.3635×10-5 46.66 115.06

The graphical presentations of Beer-Lambert law for ceftiofur sodium and at their respective λmax values are shown in figure 2. It is evident from the data that ceftiofur sodium obeyed Beer-Lambert law in the concentration range from 0.01-0.2 mmol whereas famotidine obeyed Beer-Lambert law at 260 nm only in the 0.01-0.1 mmol concentration range.

ijpsonline-ceftiofur

Figure 2: Linearity of Beer-Lambert Law for ceftiofur sodium and famotidine sodium
Linearity of Beer-Lambert Law for ceftiofur sodium at (A) 293 nm, (B) 260 nm, (C) 281 nm; and famotidine sodium at (D) 293 nm, (E) 260 nm, (F) 281 nm

The rate of dissolution of ceftiofur sodium at 293 nm at normal (37°) indicated that the dissolution of the drug reaches to 91 % after 15 min and attains a maximum value of 93 % after 45 min. After 45 min, there was a steady decrease in the content of this drug with time reaching to a minimum value of 82 % after 4 h, which can be attributed to the degradation of ceftiofur sodium at pH 7.4. Similar trend has been reported in literature for cefixime[17]. This is in contrast to results reported for cephradine where its dissolution was found to increase with time in the presence of famotidine[14].

At 60°, dissolution of ceftiofur sodium reaches to maximum value of 94 % after 15 min and started to decrease thereafter reaching to a minimum value of 79 % after 4 h. It can be concluded that the dissolution of ceftiofur is more at high temperature after 15 min but reached to almost same value of 92 % after 45 min at both the temperatures. In addition, the degradation of ceftiofur sodium is accelerated at higher temperature. This is in contrast to the results found in the case of cefixime[17], where rise in temperature did not affect the stability of the drug.

The dissolution of famotidine at 260 nm showed that temperature has no effect on the solution stability of famotidine. Famotidine showed almost same dissolution at both the temperatures. Almost 82 % of famotidine dissolved after 15 min in both the cases which increases steadily with time till 105 min. Post 105 min, famotidine showed slightly more solubility at 60° as compared to at 37° till 150 min (88 % vs. 90 % solubility at 37° and 60°, respectively). After 150 min at both the temperatures famotidine solubility reached a maximum value of 96 % up to 240 min.

The solubility of famotidine at 281 nm and 37° indicated that famotidine dissolved up to 82 % after 15 min, which increased with time to reach 100 % after 180 min. On the other hand at 60°, more than 90 % of the famotidine dissolved after 15 min and almost 100 % of famotidine is available in solution after 120 min. Comparison of the solubilities at both temperatures showed that high temperature assisted in quick dissolution of famotidine (92 % at 60° as compared to 82 % at 37° after 15 min). Also, there is sharper increase dissolution of the drug with time at higher temperature as it reaches 100 % after 120 min at 60° as compared to 180 min at 37°. The results found are in consistent with the results reported by Arayne et al.[17] where the increase in the availability of famotidine with increase in time and temperature was reported at pH= 7.4.

The comparison of the dissolution of ceftiofur sodium in the presence and absence of famotidine at 37° and 60° is represented as % of drug dissolved vs. time (Table 7). It is clear from the Table that as compared to the dissolution of ceftiofur sodium alone, the presence of famotidine assisted in the initial dissolution of ceftiofur till 15 min (96 % after 15 min in the presence of famotidine as compared to 91 % alone). Post 15 min, the dissolution of ceftiofur started to decrease with time and this decrease is sharper in the presence of famotidine reaching to minimum value of 61 % as compared to availability of 82 % in the absence of famotidine.

On comparison of solubility of ceftiofur sodium in the presence and absence of famotidine at 60°, it was observed that ceftiofur is almost 100 % dissolved after 15 min in the presence of famotidine. After 15 min, the amount of ceftiofur in solution decreased but not to the same extent when ceftiofur alone decreased till 45 min. Post 45 min, a sharp decrease in the content of ceftiofur was observed in the presence of famotidine reaching to a minimum value of 47 % as compared to the 79 % in the absence.

On comparing the solubility of ceftiofur sodium in the presence of famotidine at 37° and 60°. As it is clear that at high temperature, famotidine assisted the quick dissolution of ceftiofur and almost 100 % is dissolved after 15 min at 60° as compared to 96 % at 37°. After 15 min, the drug content decreased with time at both the temperatures. From 15 to 45 min, the drug content was more at 60° as compared to the same at 37°. Post 60 min, sharp decrease in the drug content with time was observed at 60° as compared to the same at 37° reaching to a minimum value of 46 % as compared to 61 % at 60° and 37°, respectively. In vivo studies of cefpodoxime in the presence of famotidine also showed the decrease in the availability of the antibiotic in the presence of the famotidine[19].

These results showed that famotidine interacted with ceftiofur sodium as shown by the change in the solubility of ceftiofur sodium in the combined presence. Further, it was observed that famotidine assisted the initial release of ceftiofur sodium whereas after certain intervals, it results in overall decrease in the content of ceftiofur. This decrease in content of ceftiofur sodium was found to be more at higher temperature. These results strongly indicated that there is a possibility of formation of a new intermediate resulting from interactions between the two drugs which absorb at different absorbance value than ceftiofur sodium, which eventually led to a reduction in the content of ceftiofur in the presence of famotidine.

Acknowledgements:

Authors wish to acknowledge Lovely Professional University and Rajasthan University for providing the required facilities and infrastructure to carry out the present research.

References