Y. Cheng*, M. Keita1 and X. B. Si

Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, No. 31 Xinjiekou East Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100035, China

1Department of Internal Medicine, Sino Guinean Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100035, China

*Corresponding Author:
Y. Cheng
Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, No. 31 Xinjiekou East Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100035, China
E-mail: nvbbbgeae@163.com
This article was originally published in a special issue, “Clinical Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences”
Indian J Pharm Sci 2021:83(1)Spl issue1;1-5

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms

DOI: 10.36468/pharmaceutical-sciences.spl.161

Abstract

To analyze risk factors for the development of chronic gastritis in Conakry, Guinea, and to provide a basis for its prevention and control. A case group of patients who had a gastroscopy and a gastroscopy report at the Sino-German Friendship Hospital in Conakry from January 2019 to January 2020 was selected, while a control group of 107 patients with chronic lung diseases and other chronic diseases of the digestive system were selected. Factor logistic regression analysis of risk factors. The results show that chronic gastritis affects people aged 11 to 95 y, with the highest proportion of patients aged 18 to 30 y, 80 % of whom live in rural areas. The main risk factors for gastritis in the Conakry region of Guinea were a history of digestive problems, smoking for more than 10 y, fast eating, eating hot food at least once a week, and eating moldy food at least once a week. Protective factors against gastritis in Guinea Conakry are: regular diet. The adjusted population-attributable risk for the main risk factors for gastritis were a history of digestive problems 61.19 %, eating too fast 23.59 %, smoking for more than 10 y 26.60 %, eating hot food at least once a week 24.76 % and eating mouldy food at least once a week 6.87 %. The combined population-attributable risk for these factors was 79.07 %. A history of digestive disease, a smoking history of more than 10 y, fast food intake, hot food at least once a week and moldy food at least once a week were risk factors for the development of chronic gastritis in Guinea Conakry, and regular diet was a protective factor against the development of chronic gastritis in young and middle-aged patients in Guinea Conakry.

Keywords

Chronic gastritis, guinea conakry, risk factors, sino-guinean friendship hospital

Chronic gastritis, as a common and frequently occurring clinical disease, is a chronic inflammation caused by multiple factors that damage the gastric mucosa. The diagnosis rate of chronic gastritis in Africa accounts for 90 % of all endoscopic patients[1]. Studies have shown that Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection is the main pathogenic factor of chronic gastritis[2]. At present, most studies focus on the pathogenic mechanism of HP, but few studies on the epidemic of HP infection and post infection[3]. So far, the pathogenesis of chronic gastritis is still unclear. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, the main pathogenic factors of this disease are improper diet, leisure, exogenous factors, seven emotions and other diseases transmission and so on. The etiology of the disease in modern medicine is summarized as long-term intake of rough and irritating food, alcohol, salty food, drugs that damage the stomach and radiotherapy of tumor[4]. The above two theories have a lot of consistency. However, the risk factors of chronic gastritis have great regional differences[5,6]. Therefore, according to the international DME standard, the investigation of chronic gastritis in Conakry, Guinea, is of great significance to analyze the relationship between etiological risk factors and physical fitness, and draw more objective conclusions through the analysis, so as to put forward reasonable plans or suggestions for the prevention and treatment of chronic gastritis. A total of 115 patients who had received gastroscopy were selected from January 2019 to January 2020 in Conakry China Friendship Hospital, of which 56 female patients and 59 male patients were selected, the age range was from 11 to 95 y old, with an average age of 43 y. All patients were diagnosed as chronic gastritis by gastroscopy, with gastric mucosal edema, bleeding spots, red and white, mucous membrane with mucus, mucosal biopsy showed inflammatory cell infiltration. The control group included 107 cases of normal people, patients with chronic pulmonary diseases and other chronic diseases of digestive system, including 59 males and 48 females, aged 13-90 y, with an average age of (41.8±5.1) y. There was no significant difference in gender composition and age between the two groups (p>0.05). Acute gastric mucosal lesions and gastric mucosal malignant lesions were excluded. Referring to the related reports on the risk factors of chronic gastritis, the self-made questionnaire was used to investigate the patients, and the epidemiological personnel were responsible for the examination. The main contents of the survey include: education level, income, smoking, drinking and eating on time, preference for hot food, frequent eating of fruits, overeating, stress and anxiety. All the respondents were given unified training and the use standard was consistent. The questionnaire should be filled in truthfully and recycled immediately after filling in. The smoking index was calculated by the number of cigarettes smoked per day×the number of years of smoking, and the drinking index was calculated by the number of grams of alcohol consumed per day×the number of years of drinking. Both the case group and the control group were asked by the unified questionnaire, and each questionnaire was strictly reviewed by the quality controller. If there are unqualified filling items, they must be supplemented or excluded as invalid questionnaires, so as to avoid or reduce the deviation from the investigators as far as possible. All the data were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 20.0 software. The count data were represented as percentage or rate (%). Chi square test was used to compare multiple groups. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze risk factors. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant difference. Among the 115 cases, the age of patients with chronic gastritis ranged from 11 to 55 y old, of which (47) 40.87 % were 18-30 y old, 27.83 % were over 60 y old, 13.04 % were 30-45 y old, 11.30 % were 45-60 y old, and 6.83 % were under 18 y old. In the case group, there were 23 cases living in urban communities, accounting for 20.0 %, and 92 cases living in villages and towns, accounting for 80.0 %. As shown in fig. 1. The results of univariate analysis showed that the related factors of gastritis in Conakry area were: family member relationship (p=0.001), mental health before illness (p<0.001), history of digestive system diseases (p<0.001), family history of gastropathy (p=0.011), smoking (p=0.041), eating too fast (p<0.001), overeating (p<0.001), and eating regularly The patients were fed spicy food (p=0.023) (Table 1). The variables with statistical significance in univariate analysis and those not statistically significant in univariate analysis but clinically significant were included in conditional multivariate logistic regression analysis. The results were as follows: The main risk factors of gastritis in Conakry area: history of digestive system diseases (p<0.001), Odds ratio (OR) (95 % Confidence interval (CI)) of 28.636 (11.384, 72.033); smoking age more than 10 y less than 20 y (p=0.016), OR (95 % CI) 1.805 (1.342, 16.753); eating too fast (p=0.006), OR (95 % CI) 3.846 (1.481, 9.985); eating at least 3 times a w, the OR (95 % CI) was 10.254 (2.026, 51.891), the OR (95 % CI) was 10.254 (2.026, 51.891) and the OR (95 % CI) was 10.305 (2.46, 43.162) respectively. Protective factors of gastritis: regular diet (p=0.017), OR (95 % CI) was 0.444 (0.228, 0.865) (Table 2). Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate the main risk factors of gastritis in Conakry area. The results were as follows: the history of digestive system diseases, eating too fast, smoking more than 10 y and less than 20 y. The corresponding adjusted population attributable risk (PARC %) of eating hot food and moldy food were 61.19, 23.59, 26.6, 24.76 and 6.87, respectively. The overall population attributable risk (spar %) was 79.07 (Table 3). At present, the etiology and pathogenesis of chronic gastritis are still unclear[7]. Changes in immune status after HP infection have great damage to gastric mucosa, and are known biological risk factors of chronic gastritis[8-10]. With the transformation of medical model from traditional biomedical model to biological social psychological medical model, people realize that in addition to biological risk factors, social and psychological factors also play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic gastritis[11]. Our research results show that the incidence rate of gastritis is not positively correlated with age. It may be related to case selection or the irregular life of young people aged 18~30. The specific reasons for this need to be verified by largescale sampling. In addition, our results also revealed that the incidence of chronic gastritis in young and middle-aged patients in Beilun District was related to smoking for 10-20 y, which was a risk factor for the onset of chronic gastritis. Cigarette contains tar, nicotine and other harmful components, which can cause gastrointestinal mucosal dysfunction. Meanwhile, harmful smoke in cigarettes can cause dysfunction of gastric mucosal vasoconstriction, lead to gastric mucosal damage, and increase the risk of chronic gastritis[12]. Young and middle-aged people have more social intercourse and irregular life. Smoking and drinking should be reduced to reduce the risk of chronic gastritis. In addition, eating habits are also an important factor affecting the incidence of chronic gastritis. Not eating on time, preferring hot food and often overeating can increase the risk of chronic gastritis. Previous studies have shown that eating spicy food and overeating can increase the probability of HP infection, which is consistent with the research results[13]. The unhealthy eating habits such as eating on time, preferring hot food and overeating often may cause gastrointestinal dysfunction, gastric acid secretion disorder, and increase the risk of chronic gastritis. It has been reported that irregular eating habits can lead to neuroendocrine system disorders, increase stimulation of gastric mucosa and promote the occurrence of chronic gastritis[14]. Therefore, young and middle-aged people should eat on time, do not eat overheated food; do not overeat, in order to reduce the risk of chronic gastritis. Hiccup/ belching and acid reflux were both related to eating too fast, irregular mealtimes, eating leftover food, very hot foods, sweets, pickled foods, and salty foods. Guinea, as a developing country in Africa, is economically backward. A large part of the population still lives in the primitive tribal self-sufficiency economic life, and the economic and health conditions are very limited. Local tropical climate, lack of refrigerators, food mildew and deterioration. Moldy food has been proved to increase the risk of gastritis because of its carcinogenic substances such as nitrosamine, benzopyrene-α and mycotoxin, which has also been confirmed in this investigation. This survey found that moldy food is also a risk factor for gastritis, which has appeared many times in many studies on risk factors of gastritis[15-17]. Finally, a large number of N-nitrosamines in moldy food can cause gastric mucosal damage, inflammation and precancerous lesions. Wen denggui’s study found that moldy food can increase the risk of non cardia gastritis, and these carcinogens and HP infection may have a synergistic effect, leading to the occurrence of gastritis. As a risk factor of gastritis, chronic HP infection can stimulate cell division and reproduction. On this basis, the intensity of action of carcinogens such as nitrosamine can be significantly increased, which leads to a significant increase in incidence rate of gastritis[18]. The results of this study show that regular diet is a protective factor of gastritis, while in previous studies, irregular diet is an important risk factor for gastritis[19-21]. There are physiological peaks and valleys in the secretion of gastric juice. Irregular diet will disturb the biological clock of intestines and stomach. If digestive juice such as gastric acid and pepsin cannot be neutralized in time, it will cause damage to gastric mucosa[22]. Moreover, irregular diet will lead to excessive secretion of gastric acid, the performance of pantothenic acid, and then cause superficial gastritis, leading to atrophic gastritis. Atrophic gastritis can provide an environment for the growth of Helicobacter pylori, which greatly increases the risk of gastric cancer. In conclusion, the present study confirmed that the main risk factors of gastritis in Conakry, Guinea, included the history of digestive system diseases, eating too fast, smoking more than 10 y and less than 20 y, and the corresponding adjusted population attributable risk of eating hot food and moldy food (PARC % were 61.19, 23.59, 26.6, 24.76 and 6.87, respectively). The overall population attributable risk (SPR %) was 79.07, which indicated that 79.07 % of the incidence of gastritis in Conakry, Guinea, was attributed to these factors. The incidence of gastritis in Conakry area of Guinea can be reduced by 79.07 % if the adverse psychological status, history of digestive system diseases, overeating, eating pickled vegetables and eating moldy food is controlled at the same time.

IJPS-Conakry

Figure 1: Age and regional composition of patients with chronic gastritis in Conakry area

Influence factors Cases Control χ2 p
Family relationships (rapport/discord) 89/26 97/10 11.152 0.001
Mental health before illness (Yes/No) 78/37 90/17 27.906 <0.001
History of digestive system diseases (Yes/No) 65/50 12/95 163.152 <0.001
Family history of gastropathy (Yes/No) 21/94 15/92 6.468 0.011
Pollution sources within 500 meters of residence (Yes/No) 8/107 7/100 0.093 0.761
Is the drinking water source polluted (Yes/No) 0/115 0/107 0 1
Source of drinking water (treated tap water/non tap water) 35/80 30/77 0.123 0.726
Smoking (Yes/No) 82/33 46/61 4.179 0.041
length as a smoker (<10; >10< 20; >20y) 43/25/37 43/24/45 5.290 0.071
Drinking (Yes/No) 62/53 57/50 0.895 0.344
Drinking time (<10; >10< 20; >20 y) 55/9/51 43/13/51 1.261 0.532
Is eating too fast ((Yes/No) 37/78 18/89 40.871 <0.001
Overeating habits (Yes/No) 62/53 15/92 33.339 <0.001
Is the diet regular (Yes/No) 57/58 72/35 20.729 <0.001
Vegetables (<1 ; <3 ; ≥3 times/w) 3/10/102 1/13/93 1.393 0.498
Fresh fruits (<1 ; <3 ; ≥3 times/w) 28/62/25 21/62/24 1.727 0.422
Legume foods (<1 ; <3 ; ≥3 times/w) 14/54/47 17/51/39 5.675 0.059
Fried foods (<1 ; <3 ; ≥3 times/w) 46/41/28 39/42/24 1.652 0.438
Hot foods (<1 ; <3 ; ≥3 times/w) 65/31/19 57/28/22 3.385 0.184
Moldy foods (<1 ; <3 ; ≥3 times/w) 94/21/0 93/12/2 4.549 0.103
Spicy diet (<1 ; <3 ; ≥3 times/w) 37/35/43 31/33/43 7.572 0.023
Cool foods (<1 ; <3 ; ≥3 times/w) 62/31/22 64/27/16 2.415 0.299

Table 1: Single Factor Analysis of Chronic Gastritis

Influence factors B W cp OR (95 % CI)
Digestive system diseases 3.355 50.805 <0.001 28.636 (11.384, 72.033)
Smoking years 6.604 0.037    
10<n<20 1.556 5.841 0.016 4.742 (1.342, 16.753)
>20 0.591 2.468 0.116 1.805 (0.864, 3.722)
Eating too fast 1.347 7.657 0.006 3.846 (1.481, 9.985)
Diet pattern -0.811 5.696 0.017 0.444 (0.228, 0.865)
Eating hot food 7.926 0.019    
1 or 2 times/w 1.518 5.479 0.019 4.562 (1.280, 16.257)
>3 times/w 2.328 7.916 0.005 10.254 (2.026, 51.891)
Eating moldy foods 10.190 0.006    
1 or 2 times/w 2.333 10.189 0.001 10.305 (2.460, 43.162)
>3 times/w -19.104 0.001 0.977 0

Table 2: Results of Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis of Gastritis

Influence factors Level OR Cases Adjust PAR (%)
Digestive system diseases No 1 50 61.19 %
Digestive system diseases
Eating too fast		 Yes 28.636 65  
No 1 78 23.59 %
Eating too fast Yes 3.846 37  
< 10 y 1 43 26.60 %
Smoking years 10 <n<20 4.742 25  
  >20 y 1.805 37  
  No 1 65 24.76 %
Eating hot food 1-2 times/w 4.562 31  
  ≥3 times/w 10.254 19  
  No 1 94 6.87 %
Eating moldy food 1-2 times/w 10.305 21  
  ≥3 times/w 0 0  
  sPAR %     79.07 %

Table 3: Population Attributable Risk of Gastritis Risk Factors under Multifactorial Conditions

Conflicts of interest:

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgements:

This work was supported by Beijing Jishuitan Hospital and Sino Guinean Friendship Hospital.

References