- *Corresponding Author:
- N. Mallikarjuna Rao
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada-533 003, India
E-mail: mallimpharmmba@gmail.com
| Date of Submission | 11 February 2016 |
| Date of Revision | 15 October 2016 |
| Date of Acceptance | 10 November 2016 |
| Indian J Pharm Sci 2016;78(6):755-762 |
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Abstract
Research in the many areas of human immunodeficiency virus treatment, eradication and prevention has necessitated measurement of antiretroviral concentrations in nontraditional specimen types. For HIV infection, drug combinations are typically used as highly active antiretroviral therapy, intended to maximize viral suppression. A novel four drugs combination was used, which contains two nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (lamivudine and tenofovir) and two protease inhibitors (darunavir and ritonavir). A new simple, efficient, and sensitive reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for simultaneously extraction and determination of the concentrations of lamivudine, tenofovir, darunavir and ritonavir in bulk and their tablets. Four compounds were separated on a reversed-phase C18 column at 30±2.0° using a gradient mobile phase combination containing potassium dihydrogen phosphate, acetonitrile and methanol. The pH was adjusted to 3.5±0.05 by the addition of ortho phosphoric acid. The samples were detected using a UV detector, 260 nm for lamivudine, tenofovir and darunavir and 240 nm for ritonavir. The procedure separated analytes and its potential degradation products, in an overall analysis time of about 15 min with lamivudine, tenofovir, darunavir and ritonavir eluting at about 2.385, 4.055, 11.353 and 14.010 min, respectively. The linear range of lamivudine, tenofovir, darunavir and ritonavir was 58.32-174.96 μg/ml, 58.32-174.96 μg/ml, 72.00-216.00 μg/ml and 112.50-337.5 μg/ml, respectively. The relative standard deviation for precision was less than 2.0%. The drug was subjected to acid, alkaline peroxide and photolytic stress conditions and the performance of the method was validated according to the present as per the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines for speci?city, linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness.
Keywords
Stability indicating, RP-HPLC, lamivudine, tenofovir, darunavir and ritonavir
Viruses have been producing an enormous health hazards continuously for the mankind since ages. These challenges were constantly met by the mankind by producing the effective drugs. There are number of new drug molecules that have been developed for the effective treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or other viral infections. One of the deadliest and unmanageable chronic health catastrophes is HIV/AIDS. It requires lifelong treatment with combination of potent life-saving essential drugs which include, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI), non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) and protease inhibitors [1,2]. Amongst these two nucleoside analog NRTI lamivudine (2′,3′-dideoxy- 3′-thiacytidine, commonly called 3TC), tenofovir (({[(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy} methyl)phosphonic acid), two protease inhibitors (PI) like darunavir ([(1R, 5S, 6R)-2,8-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0] oct-6-yl] N-[(2S,3R)-4-[(4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl-(2- methylpropyl) amino]-3-hydroxy-1-phenyl-butan-2- yl]carbamate) and ritonavir (1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl N-[(2S,3S,5S)-3-hydroxy-5-[(2S)-3-methyl-2- {[methyl({[2-(propan-2-yl)-1,3-thiazol-4-yl] methyl}) carbamoyl] amino} butanamido]-1, 6-diphenylhexan- 2-yl]carbamate) constitute ?rst-line therapy [3]. Figure 1a-d shows the chemical structures of the drugs. Since, the introduction of highly active antiretroviral combination therapy (HAART) in the late 1990s, the life expectancy and quality of life of HIV-infected patients have improved due to plasma virus load reductions to below detectable levels [4]. Combination of these four drugs into ?xed dose combinations (FDCs) has been an essential constituent of the HAART.
Figure 1: Chemical structures of analytes.
Chemical structures of (a) lamivudine, (b) tenofovir, (c) darunavir and (d) ritonavir.
Few reports have described bioanalytical methods for simultaneous detection of lopinavir and ritonavir, alone or in combination with additional PI and NNRTI, from plasma and/or cell samples [3,5-9]. Some methods detect tenofovir alone or in combination with other drugs, such as lamivudine [10-12]. Two different analytical assays were employed to determine time course plasma drug concentrations in lopinavir-ritonavir and tenofovir drug interaction studies [13-15]. Liquid chromatographymass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was reported for the simultaneous detection of lopinavir, ritonavir and tenofovir in plasma [16]. No high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been reported for the quantification of these four drugs in any of the matrices. Hence, a reproducible stability-indicating RP-HPLC method was developed for the quantitative determination of four drugs. This method was successfully validated according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines [17,18]. One of the challenges in developing a single assay for these four drugs is the significant differences in hydrophobicity of the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) (lamivudine and tenofovir) and the PIs (darunavir and ritonavir). While darunavir and ritonavir are hydrophobic, and hence insoluble in water, lamivudine and tenofovir is hydrophilic. This difference makes it challenging to extract these drugs effectively and simultaneously from tablets and also to identify a suitable chromatographic column matrix for the separation. Thus, a creative solution is needed. We systematically addressed these issues and developed a single chromatographic assay to detect all four compounds, lamivudine, tenofovir, darunavir and ritonavir, simultaneously by using LC coupled with PDA detector. The optimized method is capable of extracting and quantifying three drugs simultaneously with high efficiency, selectivity, and sensitivity.
Materials and Methods
Original standards of lamivudine, tenofovir, darunavir and ritonavir were provided by the Bio-leo laboratories, Hyderabad. Potassium di hydrogen phosphate, orthophosphoric acid, HPLC grade acetonitrile and HPLC grade methanol was purchased from Merck, Mumbai, India. HPLC grade water was prepared inhouse by Milli-Q water purifying system. Fixed dosage combination tablets containing 150 mg of lamivudine, 150 mg of tenofovir, 400 mg of darunavir and 50 mg of ritonavir was used for analysis.
Chromatographic conditions
Waters e 2695 series HPLC consisting pump, auto sampler, auto injector, VWD and photo diode array detector, thermostatic column compartment connected with Empower 2 software connected with an Inertsil ODS-3V, 250×4.6 mm, 5 μ column. Lamivudine, tenofovir and darunavir were determined at 260 nm and ritonavir at 240 nm.
Mobile phase
Accurately weighed 1.36 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate in 1000 ml of water, adjusted the pH 3.5±0.05 with orthophosphoric acid. Filtered the solution through 0.22 μ nylon filter and sonicated to degas it. The buffer was used as mobile phase preparation A and acetonitrile:methanol (450:150 v/v) used as mobile phase preparation B. Lamivudine, tenofovir, darunavir and ritonavir were separated and eluted in a gradient program represented in Table 1. The flow rate of the mobile phase was maintained at 1.0 ml/min. The column temperature was maintained at 30° with the injection volume of 10 μl. Methanol was used as diluent-1 and a mixture of 750 ml of water and 250 ml of methanol was used as diluent-2.
| Time (min) | Mobile phase A (%v/v) | Mobile phase B (%v/v) |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | 90 | 10 |
| 2.0 | 85 | 15 |
| 3.0 | 75 | 25 |
| 5.0 | 40 | 70 |
| 11.0 | 40 | 70 |
| 12.0 | 90 | 10 |
| 15.0 | 90 | 10 |
Table 1: Mobile Phase Gradient Table
Preparation of standard solution
Weighed accurately and transferred 108 mg of lamivudine, 108 mg of tenofovir, 120 mg of darunavir and 150 mg of ritonavir working standard into 100 ml volumetric flask. Added about 75 ml of diluent-1, sonicated to dissolve and diluted the volume with diluent-1 and mixed well. Pipetted 5 ml of the above solution and transferred into a 50 ml volumetric flask and diluted to volume with diluent-2. Mixed well and filtered the solution through 0.45 μm syringe filter.
Preparation of test stock solution
Weighed 20 tablets and determined the average weight. Crushed into a fine powder in mortar using pestle and mixed homogeneously. Weighed accurately and transferred tablet powder equivalent to about 450 mg of lamivudine or 450 mg of tenofovir or 1200 mg of darunavir or 150 mg of ritonavir into a 500 ml volumetric flask. About 400 ml of diluent-1 was added and sonicated to disperse the sample completely. The sonication was continued for about 60 min with intermittent shaking. Then, diluted to volume with diluent-1 and mixed well. Centrifuged a portion of the above solution in a centrifuge tube with cap, at 5000 rpm, for about 10 min and transferred the clear supernatant liquid into another centrifuge tube.
Test solution for lamivudine and tenofovir
Pipetted 6.0 ml of the clear solution into a 50 ml volumetric flask and dilute to volume with diluent-2 and mixed well and filtered a portion of above solution through 0.22 μ syringe filter.
Test solution for darunavir
Pipetted 5.0 ml of the clear solution into a 100 ml volumetric flask and diluted to volume with diluent-2 and mixed well and filtered a portion of above solution through 0.22 μ syringe filter.
Test solution for ritonavir
Pipetted 10.0 ml of the clear solution into a 20 ml volumetric flask and diluted to volume with diluent-2 and mixed well and filtered a portion of above solution through 0.22 μ syringe filter.
Elution pattern
Fumaric acid peak eluted first at about 2.10 min retention time (Rt), next lamivudine peak eluted at about 2.385 min, next eluted tenofovir at about 4.055 min, next darunavir eluted at about 11.353 min and finally eluted ritonavir peak at 14.010 min. Disregarded the peaks due to fumaric acid (from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) from test chromatograms.
Force degradation study
Forced degradation study was performed to evaluate the stability of the developed method using the stress conditions like exposure of sample solution to acid (0.1 N HCl), base (0.1 N NaOH), peroxide (H2O2) and heat. Investigation was done for the degradation products. For acid treatment, 10 ml of 1 N HCl was added to the 10 ml stock solution and kept aside at 80° for 12 h. This solution was cooled and neutralized with 10 ml of 1 N NaOH and diluted suitably to a final volume of 100 ml with mobile phase and filtered through 0.22 μ membrane filter. For alkali, 10 ml of 0.5 N NaOH was added to the 10 ml stock solution and kept aside at 80° for 48 h. This solution was cooled and neutralized with 10 ml of 1 N HCl and diluted suitably to a final volume of 100 ml with mobile phase and filtered through 0.22 μ membrane filter. For Peroxide degradation studies, to the 10 ml stock solution, 5 ml of 3% H2O2 was added and kept aside at 80° for 24 h. This solution was cooled and diluted suitably to a final volume of 100 ml with mobile phase and filtered through 0.22 μ membrane filter. To study heat degradation, 10 ml stock solution, kept at 70° for 10 days. This solution was cooled and diluted suitably to a final volume of 100 ml with mobile phase and filtered through 0.22 μ membrane filter.
Results and Discussion
In order to achieve good separation between all the four components different buffer pH conditions were maintained and different proportions of solvents like methanol, acetonitrile and water tested binary and tertiary eluents were added. However, in potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer pH 3.5±0.05 adjusted with orthophosphoric acid achieved good satisfactory results at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and was measured at a detection of 260 nm for lamivudine, tenofovir and darunavir and 240 nm for ritonavir. Blank, standard and sample chromatograms were shown in Figures 2-4. System suitability is an integral part of the method validation to evaluate the parameters like tailing factor, theoretical plates, resolution and percent relative standard deviation (%RSD) for replicate injections. The results were within the limits and were presented in Table 2.
Figure 2: Blank chromatogram.
Figure 3: Chromatogram of standard solution.
Standard chromatogram of lamivudine, tenofovir, darunavir (at 260 nm) and ritonavir (at 240 nm).
Figure 4: Chromatogram of sample solution.
Market formulation chromatogram of lamivudine, tenofovir, darunavir (at 260 nm) and ritonavir (at 240 nm).
| Parameter | Results | Required limits | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lamivudine | Tenofovir | Darunavir | Ritonavir | ||
| RSD of peak area | 0.10 | 1.01 | 1.24 | 0.51 | <2.0 for n≥6 |
| RSD of retention time | 0.25 | 0.14 | 0.52 | 0.85 | <1.0 for n≥6 |
| USP Tailing factor (T) | 0.25 | 1.08 | 0.65 | 0.84 | T<2 |
| USP Plate Count (N) | 4500 | 5235 | 5874 | 6850 | >2000 |
| USP Resolution (R) | - | 2.04 | 5.71 | 45.08 | R>2 |
Table 2: System Suitability Results
In the blank chromatograms there were no peaks observed at the retention times of lamivudine, tenofovir, darunavir and ritonavir, and also the degradation studies showed that there was no interference with degradants that shows the method is specific (Figures 2-4). To determine the accuracy of the proposed method, recovery studies were conducted; known amount of pure drug concentrations were at three different levels, i.e., 50%, 100% and 150% was calculated. Accuracy was calculated as the percentage of recovery. The results were tabulated in Table 3.
| Parameter | Amount added (µg) |
Amount recovered (µg) |
% of recovery |
Mean % of recovery |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lamivudine | ||||
| 50% level | 54.00 | 53.88 | 99.65 | 99.88 |
| 100% level | 108.00 | 108.02 | 100.02 | |
| 150% level | 162.00 | 161.95 | 99.95 | |
| Tenofovir | ||||
| 50% level | 53.96 | 53.56 | 99.52 | 99.81 |
| 100% level | 107.93 | 107.55 | 99.85 | |
| 150% level | 161.90 | 162.01 | 100.05 | |
| Darunavir | ||||
| 50% level | 59.96 | 59.85 | 99.86 | 99.89 |
| 100% level | 119.92 | 120.05 | 100.01 | |
| 150% level | 179.89 | 180.12 | 100.08 | |
| Ritonavir | ||||
| 50% level | 14.99 | 14.77 | 99.72 | 99.50 |
| 100% level | 29.98 | 29.27 | 99.55 | |
| 150% level | 44.97 | 44.11 | 99.25 | |
Table 3: Accuracy Data
The precision was evaluated at three levels, repeatability, reproducibility and intermediate precision each level of precision was investigated by six replicate injections of 100% concentrations of lamivudine, tenofovir, darunavir and ritonavir. The result of precision was expressed as %RSD and was tabulated in Table 4.
| Parameter | Results | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lamivudine | Tenofovir | Darunavir | Ritonavir | |
| Repeatability | ||||
| Mean %RSD of retention time | 0.25 | 0.58 | 0.69 | 1.24 |
| Mean %RSD of peak area | 1.02 | 1.52 | 1.68 | 0.57 |
| Mean % Assay | 99.85 | 99.25 | 100.01 | 99.41 |
| Reproducibility/intraday precision | ||||
| Mean %RSD of retention time | 0.20 | 1.02 | 1.85 | 0.81 |
| Mean %RSD of peak area | 0.33 | 0.38 | 0.21 | 0.35 |
| Mean % assay | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| Intermediate precision | ||||
| Mean %RSD of retention time | 0.28 | 1.57 | 1.62 | 1.42 |
| Mean %RSD of peak area | 0.31 | 0.18 | 0.28 | 0.06 |
| Mean % assay | 100.00 | 100.00 | 99.98 | 99.68 |
Table 4: Precision Studies
The linearity was evaluated by measuring different concentrations (50 to 150%) of the standard solutions to lamivudine, tenofovir, darunavir and ritonavir. The calibration curve was constructed by plotting concentration of standard solutions against mean peak areas and the regression equation was computed. The summary of the parameters were shown in Table 5.
| Parameter | Lamivudine | Tenofovir | Darunavir | Ritonavir |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linearity range (µg/ml) | 58.32-174.96 | 58.32-174.96 | 72.0-216.00 | 112.5-337.50 |
| Correlation co-efficient | 0.9995 | 0.9986 | 1 | 1 |
| Slope | 140604 | 174897 | 15660 | 80167 |
| Y-intercept | 5E+06 | 7E+06 | 0.2 | 24435 |
Table 5: Regression Equation Parameters
The robustness of the method was unaffected when small, deliberate changes like, flow change, mobile phase composition, column temperature were performed at 100% test concentration. The ruggedness of the proposed method studied under different columns, analyst, instrument, laboratories analysis of the same sample.
The stability of the standard solution was tested at the intervals of 24 and 48 h at room temperature. There were no significant changes observed in the system suitable parameters like theoretical plates, tailing factors, retention time and resolution. Hence, the standard solution is stable up to 48 h of room temperature.
The proposed method was applied for the analysis of lamivudine, tenofovir, darunavir and ritonavir in tablet dosage forms, the results were found to be between 99.0 and 100.0% and the results were summarized in Table 6. Results of forced degradation were shown in Table 7 and Figure 5 shows the chromatograms of forced degradation studies.
| Drug | Labeled amount (mg/tab) | Amount found (mg/tab) | % of assay |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lamivudine | 150 | 149.95 | 99.97 |
| Tenofovir | 150 | 149.82 | 99.88 |
| Darunavir | 400 | 399.99 | 99.99 |
| Ritonavir | 50 | 50.01 | 100.02 |
Table 6: Assay Results of Marketed Tablets
| Condition | Lamivudine | Tenofovir | Darunavir | Ritonavir | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| %Assay | %Degradation | %Assay | %Degradation | %Assay | %Degradation | %Assay | %Degradation | |
| Acid | 88.60 | 11.40 | 90.85 | 9.15 | 90.87 | 9.13 | 94.19 | 5.81 |
| Base | 86.39 | 13.61 | 93.08 | 6.92 | 86.45 | 13.55 | 93.08 | 6.92 |
| Peroxide | 94.18 | 5.82 | 89.10 | 10.90 | 90.89 | 9.11 | 89.10 | 10.90 |
| Heat | 96.96 | 3.04 | 95.31 | 4.69 | 95.32 | 4.68 | 95.31 | 4.69 |
Table 7: Forced Degradation Study
Figure 5: Force degradation chromatograms.
(a) Acid degradation, (b) alkali degradation, (c) peroxide degradation and (d) heat degradation.
While a number of antiHIV drug assays have been developed to detect multiple HIV PIs or reverse transcriptase inhibitors in one assay, it is more challenging to detect both classes of drugs at the same time. NRTI such as lamivudine and tenofovir are generally more hydrophilic and PIs, such as darunavir and ritonavir, are generally more hydrophobic at physiologic pH. With the ability of a column matrix and PDA technique to separate the two PIs as well as the two NRTIs, we developed and optimized a single-step assay with a simplified extraction procedure. The final assay was validated to be effective and sensitive. Also, the one-step assay method is reliable and reproducible, with a high accuracy, precision and recovery. In our assay, we focused on detecting two NRTIs, lamivudine and tenofovir and two PIs, darunavir and ritonavir because these four drugs are recommended as a key HAART combination in the most recent HIV/AIDS treatment guidelines. With some modifications, a onestep clinical assay such as that described here, but for other PI and NRTI drug combinations, such as lopinavir or atazanavir with emtricitabine plus tenofovir, could be developed. However, such studies are also beyond the scope of this report.
In summary, using a single column and a combination gradient mobile phase mixture of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, acetonitrile and methanol, we successfully developed a one-step HPLC-PDA assay to detect four analytes, lamivudine, tenofovir, darunavir and ritonavir. The method can indicate stability and can be used for the routine analysis of production samples and to check the shelf life of the dosage forms.
A simple, specific and reliable gradient HPLCPAD method was developed for the estimation of lamivudine, tenofovir darunavir and ritonavir in their pharmaceutical formulation. The four compounds were subjected to forced degradation applying several stress conditions. The proposed method was successfully separated all the four compounds with degradants, estimate the active contents. The Proposed method is specific and stability indicating power. Hence, the developed method can be adapted to regular quality control analysis.
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, J.N.T. University, Kakinada, India for encouragement.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
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